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庄子思想对中国文艺发展的影响

    庄子的思想与老子思想合为道教思想,其与儒家思想互补,贯穿了整个中国文化思想史。经他完善的道家美学与文论思想深刻地影响着中国人的思维,滋养着中国艺术。

    首先,庄子追求精神自由的生活态度影响了后世文人。庄子“逍遥于天地之间而心意自得”,摒除欲望,宁可过卑贱贫穷的生活而保有自由,也不愿富贵而为统治者所利用,这对那些追求独立人格与尊严、追求个性解放和张扬的后世文人具有很强的吸引力。魏晋名士、李白、苏轼等无一不深受庄子影响。庄子展示的个体精神自由和思维原创力的解放,在文论中则表现为艺术或形象思维的自由超越性。庄子的“逍遥游”创造了一个超越、永恒、宁静的精神家园,为中国的知识分子提供了宝贵的精神源泉。

    其次,庄子崇尚的“大美”审美理想深刻影响了后世文艺的美学境界与高度。庄子以“道”为旨归,崇尚天地之间的“大美”,这种“大美”体现为无限广阔、宏大、雄浑、壮阔的境界和寂寞无为、朴素自然、澹然无极的特征。庄子的这种美学思想对于后代文艺产生的影响是,一方面引发了人们对博大雄奇的壮美境界的追求,如杜甫提出“鲸鱼碧海”、韩愈提出“巨刃磨天”等都是;另一方面“大美”的自然、本真、天放的本性又引导后世文人反对人为斧凿雕琢艺术,追求自然、素朴的风格境界。如刘勰的“自然之道”、李白的“清水出芙蓉,天然去雕饰”、司空图的“妙造自然”等都有庄子“自然”风格论的影子。“自然”的风格要求还影响到了音乐、绘画等其他艺术领域。

    第三,庄子“体道”时“虚静”论对后世文艺创作主体审美态度的影响。庄子提出“体道”主体必须具备“虚静”的精神状态。“虚静”思想要求创作主体在艺术构思时不为外物所乱,不为心智所蔽,保持凝神专一、忘怀一切、全身投入的精神状态。这种认识论注重内心的体察领悟,揭示出了审美和文艺创作中主体心灵的超功利特点,对后世影响极大。后世的文学家和文学理论家都或多或少地受到庄子“虚静”说的影响。魏晋南北朝,陆机、刘勰率先将虚静心态同艺术想象联系起来:“收视反听,耽思傍讯,精骛八极,心游万仞”(陆机),“陶钧文心,贵在虚静”(刘勰)。唐代皎然还将虚静心态同艺术灵感联系起来:“意静神王,佳句纵横,若不可遏,宛如神助。”苏轼《送参寥师》云:“欲令诗语妙,无厌空且静。静故了群动,空故纳万境。”还有王国维的“无我之境”等等无不受庄子“虚静”论思想的影响。

    第四,庄子的言意观对后世文论的影响。庄子在对“言”的广泛性、复杂性及其表“意”的歧义性、暧昧性作出深刻思考的基础上提出了“言不尽意”“得意忘言”等诸多智慧观点,道出了言、意关系的奥秘,把人们引向一种幽远、玄妙的意境,一种主体独特的、内省式的领悟,直接引发了魏晋时期的言意之辨,并在魏晋以后被直接引入文学理论,形成了中国古代文学注重“意在言外”的传统,并且为意境说的产生和发展奠定了理论基础。如钟嵘的“滋味”说、皎然的“但见兴趣,不见文字”、司空图的“韵味”说和“四外”说,以及后来的欧阳修、严羽、王士祯、王国维乃至于绘画、书法领域等无不受庄子言意观的影响。

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同类题3

    阅读下面四篇短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

D

    Are you an artist interested in selling your crafts(手工艺品)through arts and crafts shows in your area? Are you wondering whether you should get a booth(摊位)at the next big event in your city or if you should start at a small show?

    If you are wondering whether big arts and crafts shows mean you will make more money,you may be in for a big surprise.Generally speaking,a big show does not mean you're going to make a lot of money.In fact,many artists are left with an empty pocket after big arts and crafts events,so you want to consider a few important things before making a decision.

    First of all,consider the subject of the event and whether the product you are selling matches this subject.For example,if you sell modern superhero T-shirts,you're probably not going to do very well at a renaissance(文艺复兴)festival.Your product should match the festival's topic.

    Secondly,ask the festival's organizers how many people are expected to show up.Are your products fit for this market?Will these people be interested in buying your products?These are questions that are important to answer before entering the big show.

    Then always keep in mind that one of the most important things that you can get from a big arts and crafts show is a fan base.Turn each visitor into a fan.Ask them to follow you on your social media accounts like facebook account, so you can continue to sell to them in the future, well after the event ends.

    A lot of artists do not realize they have this valuable and useful condition in their hands.They only focus on selling more products,without seeing that these people could buy more from them in the future if their contact information is collected.After all, sales are about making friends.