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门楣上家国,梁柱间文脉

——匾额和匾额文化的前世今生

    ①提到匾额,许多人可能觉得不是很熟悉。但如果说到普通人家里挂的“积善之家”“天道酬勤”,街上店家的“同仁堂”“稻香村”,再到皇宫大院的“太和殿”“颐和园”,就会感到匾额并不陌生。

    ②匾额兴起于先秦,历经两千余年沉淀与打磨,成为我国传统文化中一个自成体系的分支。匾额是我国传统建筑的重要组成部分,是建筑的眼睛。匾额中的“匾”字古也作“扁”字,《说文解字》曰“扁,署也,从户册。户册者,署门户之文也。”而“额”,一说是悬于门屏上的牌匾。也有人说,横的叫“扁”,竖的称“额”。简单来说,悬挂于门屏上,反映建筑物名称和性质,表达人们义理、情感之类的文学艺术形式即为匾额。匾额有作为堂号、表彰、祝福、商号、室内装饰等用途。

    ③匾额在古代可谓“门楣上家国、梁柱间文脉”。与西方惯用的奖章、证书不同,匾额不是个人的,不具有私密性。它是镶在村头、钉在牌坊上,可以让一个族群、一个地方都感受到的荣耀。

    ④《汉书》中就有记载,民间有一些乐善好施、急公好义的人士,政府会给他们发匾,作为精神奖励,这是一种古代的激励机制,维系着一种社会表彰制度。所以匾额在很多时候不是一个简单的字号,它其实是要把围绕着修身、齐家、治国、平天下的很多担当的要义传之子孙。

    ⑤北京文物保护协会会长、研究员齐心说,古代有许多匾额是由书法家题写的。匾文大多凝聚中华人文要义,浓缩圣贤学养精髓,承载书写者的信仰、名节、担当,体现出浓浓的家国情怀。

    ⑥但是现代社会,莫说寸土寸金的都市,连很多山野中的乡土建筑在“新农村建设”中也都改成了楼房。在这种“水泥森林”中,很难恢复当年“无处不匾、无室不匾”的盛景。

    ⑦现在除了旅游景区、仿古建筑等一些特殊场所、建筑对匾额有需求外,普通人家几乎不再悬挂匾额。匾额生存发展的生态已经改变,其传承也必然面临困境。直接受到打击的,莫过于匾额的生产了。

    ⑧洛阳民俗博物馆馆长王支援说,行业凋敝,以制造匾额为生的匠人师傅也随之越来越少。另一方面,他认为在古建筑的修缮、复建中还是需要匾额的,仿古的建筑、旅游区也需要匾额,由此形成了一个稳定的匾额市场。他坦言,机器制匾、3D打印,都对匾额技艺的生存造成了冲击,但是真正懂匾额的人,还是喜欢手工匾额。

    ⑨或许家家门口堂前悬挂匾额只能成为一种回忆,但作为中华传统文化的组成部分,匾额文化的传承不容置疑。正如北京科举匾额博物馆馆长姚远利所说:“匾额的缺失,使它巨大的社会教化作用不复存在。由此,传统文化失去了一个可以依托的重要载体。”因此,匾额文化的传承刻不容缓。

(选自2017年2月8日《光明日报》,作者:李韵,有删改)

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    A 15-year-old student who invented a flashlight(手电筒) getting power from the holder's body heat is going home today from California with a big prize and a chance to do further research.

    Ann Makosinski was the only Canadian among the four winners at Google's international science competition. Thousands of young scientists from around the world took part in the competition.

    Winning the science and technology competition was "a surprise". Ann said, "I think it will have a great influence on my future."

    Ann thanked her family for encouraging her interest in science and said that her first toy was a box of transistors(晶体管).

    Ann's prize includes $ 25,000 and a "once in a-lifetime expericnce" from Google for her Hollow Flashlight, which has no moving parts or batteries.

    The idea for the invention came from seeing unwanted batteries and her friend's experience. When Ann visited a friend in the Philippines, she saw the friend couldn't study when it became dark because there was no electricity or light. She saw the need for a flashlight that has no batteries - Hollow Flashlight.

    In her project, Ann wrote "I made two flashlights that do not use any batteries or harmful materials. They do not create any noise and will always work. The flashlight needs at least a 5℃ temperature difference between the holder's body and the environment around to produce light."

    A video of Ann explaining how she creatcd the flashlight has been watched more than 1.4 million times on the Internet.

    Though Ann was successful, she has not made a decision about her career path. Ann hopes that she can find a way to join her love of film and science together.

    The four winners were chosen from 15 final competitors from eight countries. The competition attracted thousands of students in 120 countries.