三个完全相同的杯子，里面装满水，把质量相同的实心铜块、铁块、铝块完全浸没在水中，溢出水最多的是（ ）（ρ_铜>ρ_铁>ρ_铝）

    Encouragement is necessary for humans to develop and work hard. It helps people keep going. Here is a story of a simple note of praise. This note helped many people understand the ____ (important) of giving praise to other people.

    Robert Brooks is a psychologist (心理学家) now. He remembers the time when he was just a young man. He was in training to be a psychologist. He had to give a ____ (speak) in front of a large group of people. And, he was very nervous. He did not like speaking in front of people. But his speech was very important.

    Robert gave his speech. He did a good job. But he did not have the chance to hear ____ other people thought. Later that same day Robert looked into his mail box and ____ (find) a small note there. The note ____ (simple) said, "You did a great job today, Robert." Robert was very surprised and happy to see the note. It made him feel very good. And, Robert believes that that small note helped him through the rest of ____ (he) training. He felt like he was able to do a good job.

    Now ____ a psychologist, he teaches people how important it is to give praise to other people. He tells them the story of the simple note that he received. He tells them that the words on the note had power. Those words helped him to continue doing a good job. One day, a businessman, who had ____ (attend) Robert's lecture, decided to take Robert's ideas to heart.

    The more this businessman encouraged his workers, the ____ (happy) they were. "The atmosphere in our company changed. We enjoyed working. We began to encourage each other too," said one of the ____（worker）. "People seemed happier. But, most important of all, a greater spirit of team work developed," the businessman added.

阅读下面的文字，完成小题。

学术共同体，是社会发展的特定历史时期某个学科内部持有共同的价值观、共同的理论基础和方法的学术集团，是学术发展的必要条件之一。它的形成与发展，往往能够将一个时代的学术推向高峰。考察两宋时代的学术发展，两宋士人学术共同体的昌盛便不可忽视。因宋代道学发达，或可名其为道学共同体。

道学共同体是由宋代部分持共同价值观、道德立场和学术取向的儒家形成的团体。道学家与汉唐儒家不同。汉唐儒家多致力于寻章摘句、解释经典，虽然在整理与保存儒家经典方面贡献颇多，但在学术与思想方面颇为缺乏创造性。而宋代道学家以继三代绝学，挽日下世风，兴仁义道德，正己心人心，开万世太平为己任，穷究天理人性，讲求修身之道。

道学家与宋代其他儒家亦有三个明显区别。就仕途而言，道学家往往两栖于学堂与官场，存庙堂之志，而以学堂为主；游离于政治，而对政治不忘。因此，他们与身居庙堂之儒有不同的立场与思考问题的角度。就价值取向而言，道学家更趋向向内追求和终极追求。他们对己追求居敬，自诚致明，穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下；而他们的终极追求则希望实现道德完满，以及具有高尚的人格和圣贤境界，并因这种追求而不与现实妥协。就理论而言，道学家更趋于哲学化。这与他们的价值取向相关联。在向内的追求影响下，他们从事学术探索时都从诚意正心、居敬持正出发，不求闻达，潜心求索；而在终极关怀的影响下，他们都试图构建包罗万象的理论体系。这也是两宋道学大家都是哲学大家的原因。

道学共同体是在宋代特定的历史条件下形成的。社会方面，“隋、唐外竞虽力，而风俗日即于奢淫，士习日趋于卑陋”，故而收拾人心，修齐治平，成为儒家知识分子的共识。制度方面，北宋自太祖起便重视文治，政治一般出于有学术涵养、有理想抱负的士大夫之手，宽松的政治制度，也为道学共同体的形成与发展提供了条件。文化方面，官办和私立书院得到很大发展，自由讲学的风气一时盛行。如二程、朱子等道学大家，都曾讲学、辩论于书院，书院也因而成为道学共同体发展的依托。

宋代道学共同体，据《宋史》记载，仅包括北宋五子、程氏门人、朱熹、张栻和朱氏门人。这种界定固然有些狭窄，但他们身上确实更突出地体现了两宋道学家的特色。他们虽然出身各有所本，性格各异，仕途经历不同，为学风格与理论内容亦各具特色，然而正是这些道学家形成了道学传统的核心，他们之间各具特色的传承、交流和争论促成了道学共同体的发展。北宋五子虽没有构建学术共同体的自觉，但在南宋朱熹等人的自觉构建下，事实上形成了发端于北宋并对后代思想文化具有重大影响的道学共同体。道学家作为这个共同体的核心人物，承担着传承道统的重任，在具备当时学术精英的共同特征之余，更有自身特色。那就是，包容创新的魄力、经世济民的抱负，以及对人格圆满的追求、对格物致知的理性思考。

（选自罗旻《宋代道学共同体的形成及其特征》，有删改）