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【20世纪的战争与和平】

材料:第一次世界大战结束后,西方列强在德国赔款问题上一直没能找到圆满的解决方案。1929年世界资本主义经济危机爆发后,德国政府于1931年6月再度宣布无力缴付赔款,向战胜国要求延期偿付。英国等国也提出要求,请美国削减战债并同意延期偿付。美国总统胡佛于1931年6月20日正式提出了一项关于所有赔款及战债均延期一年偿付的建议,史称“胡佛延债宣言”。德国统治集团企图借延债一年的期限彻底解决赔款问题。1932年1月,德国政府正式宣布德国经济困难,以后将不再支付赔款。同年6月16日,有关国家在瑞士洛桑举行了专门研究赔款问题的国际会议。经过激烈的争吵,最后终于达成协议,签订了《洛桑协定》。协定规定,德国可以免除战争赔偿义务,但须交出30亿马克的整笔款项作为其免除赔款义务的补偿。关于德国赔款问题的《洛桑协定》终于使德国免除了战争赔款的重负。后来德国实际上亦未曾交付这30亿马克。《洛桑协定》对《凡尔赛和约》关于德国赔款的规定作了重大修改,对德国以后的发展和国际关系产生了重要的影响。

——摘编自王捷等《第二次世界大战大词典》

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    Coffee drink is widespread. When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.

    Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the shade of taller trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.

    Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases the local wildlife habitat, because native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.

    Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides(杀虫剂)are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, and then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.

    Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade-grown" and "bird-friendly".

    Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.