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   Yao Ming is a famous ____ (篮球) star.
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basketball

同类题2

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谈哭

周汝昌

    语云:人是感情的动物。这个动物,不但会笑,而且还会哭。哭,是伤感、悲痛的“表现”,总不会是很愉快的事吧,所以没多少人愿意提哭讲哭,虽非“忌讳”,也有“顾虑”。但说也奇怪,人在高兴到达极度的时际,却会流下“欢喜的眼泪”。而且科学家说了,哭对健康也有益呢!

    看来,哭并非“全方位”的不吉祥。

    据研究,有声为哭,无声为泣。此分别而言之也。我这拙文,当然是统讲哭泣,不但不把无声的摒诸讲外,还恐怕讲得更多一些。

    人一生下,就先哭——只会有声之哭,不会无声之泣。其声若何?曰“呱呱(gū)而啼”。

    呱呱,好极了,不信时,你“描写”初落草的婴儿的哭声,你另换两个字来试试看,你若能想出更好的来,算你了不起。

    莫轻看小婴孩,哭声也有不同,那“丹田底气”有足有不足,那气足膛亮的小家伙,其哭也不但“呱呱”,而且“喤喤”。

    不拘呱呱还是喤喤,婴儿的哭是尽情的,没有“克制”、“收敛”、“内蕴”的功夫,换言之,那都是“放声大哭”,痛快淋漓。

    等到他(她)长大成人了,可就不同得很,绝不能一哭就“放声”。这儿若“分析”其原因,那就很复杂了,中国人的感情,不是那么轻易地表达尽致的,他们懂得含蓄和分寸,这与文化教养都有关系。妇女更绝少是放声而哭的,在我印象中,写女流之放声,而能使人感动的,只有曹雪芹写凤姐之痛哭,那寥寥数语,真是令我如见如闻,动心触魄,恐怕很难再寻如此精彩的笔墨了——

     “……凤姐缓缓走入会芳园中登仙阁灵前,一见了棺材,那眼泪恰似断线之珠,滚将下来。院中许多小厮垂手伺候烧纸。凤姐吩咐得一声‘供茶烧纸’,只听一棒锣鸣,诸乐齐奏,——早有人端过一张大圈椅来,放在灵前,凤姐坐了,放声大哭!

    “于是里外男女上下,见凤姐出声,都忙忙接声嚎哭。

    你看这等文字,凡有至性真情之人,都会为之酸鼻。

    雪芹笔下,不仅仅是写出了旧时大族丧事的势派,也写出了妇女出声放声而哭,是非同轻易的。因此全家众人接声哭时,他又用了一个“嚎哭”。

    咱们语文中,本有一个“号”字,“号哭”也是联词,与嚎哭读音全同(号,阳平声,不是去声了),但“嚎”似乎比“号”更加强烈。怎么叫“号”,古云:有泪无声曰泣,有声无泪曰号。号是干哭,是哭得泪尽的悲痛至极的情形。鲁迅先生的小说中就写一个畸士,因亲亡而干号,那写得真动人。号与嚎的区别,又何在呢?也许有时是表示真哭假哭吧?大约有声而无悲,就成嚎了。但由此又想起,还有一个“嚎啕”,这哭词所表达的就不像是假悲,而是真痛。我总觉得,嚎啕大哭,是有声有泪的真哭,不同于有声无痛的干嚎。在旧丧礼中,家下有专门陪哭的人,只是出声而已,哭得很响,但无悲戚之音,故曰“号丧”——于是俗常骂人,管那被骂之哭就叫“号丧”,不过说这话时,必须“号”字重读,而“丧”是轻读。如依我的体会,则写为“嚎丧”才更对。

    能够真正嚎啕大哭的人,除了感情的奔放,还得是个性格豪迈之人,那才哭得到嚎啕的境界,因为有人是办不到的,他没有那奔放豪迈的声容气势,只会吞声咽气,憋憋堵堵,

    ——连个痛哭也使不出来。

    吞声而哭,古语有个“饮泣”,似乎相近,犹如俗话“眼泪往肚里流”。至于咽声,那就是哽咽、呜咽所形容的了,口语则曰“抽抽噎噎(yī)”。比如唐代名句“箫声咽,秦娥梦断秦楼月。”有人读成了“箫声咽”,闻者大笑。

    呜咽,似乎还可听到“较多”的声音;哽咽则声更哭不出,古人在临别时,说不出话来,只是二人相对“执手哽咽”。其情实在可伤。“抽抽噎噎”,曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中用过,可惜被高鹗等俗士妄改为“抽抽嗒嗒”了,那神情气味便立刻不与原来的相同了。

    连哽咽也够不上的,则有歔欷,有酸鼻,有泫然,有“眼圈一红”。这些,自然因人因境而异。

    泫然是眼眶湿润了,或者泪已含浮,只未外溢。但泪一多,便要夺眶而出,所以我们又另有一个“(shān)然泪下”,写泪溢之意。

    写哭不必出“哭”字而只说泪的事,这例子便多了。常见的是“泪如雨下”——将泪比雨,早在《诗经》里就有“涕泣如雨”了。(yù)雪霏霏,“雨”就是动词,故又有“雨泣”的写法,在此连带可悟,“泣”也是名词,如太史公写楚霸王的末路时,便“泣数行下”。

    泪本是往下流的,然而也不尽然,诗词中常说泪之“阑干”,据古义,阑干是纵横交叉之义,所以真有形容老人的哭是“老泪纵横”。至于“泪流满面”、“满脸泪痕”,那倒显得不新奇了。

    泣、泪、涕、泗,有时可以连用或互代。流涕,就是流泪。“破涕为笑”,此语正可细味深参。但还有“雪涕”之说。

    直流泪,则有挥泪,掩泪,技泪,拭泪,坠泪,陨泪,落泪。

    涕泪之形容,有“涟涟”,有“如断线之珠”,有“涴面”,有“沾衣”,有“沾襟”。

    哭也叫啼,这倒有点儿稀奇。常听说鸟啼,猿啼,却不知人也会啼!说书唱戏,提到女流,更是喜用“啼哭”二字。男子,英雄好汉,如关云长、鲁智深,恐怕不会是啼吧?因此我疑心这“啼”有曲折宛转、带有某种声调(腔儿)的哭,不知是否?

    哭是人生一大“感情活动”,一生从未哭过的人怕是没有。悲欢离合,顺逆穷通,可歌可泣的事正多,谁能免此?我们中华先民古哲,对哭的体会不浅,方有这么多词语来表达——而我之所知所述,也不过习见的一小部分罢了。

同类题4

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    “How are you?” is a nice question. It's a friendly way that people in the U.S.A greet each other. But “How are you?” is also a very unusual question. It's a question that often doesn't need an answer. The person who asks “How are you?” hopes to hear the answer “Fine”, even if the person's friend isn't fine. The reason is that “How are you?” isn't really a question and “Fine” isn't really an answer. They are simply other ways of saying “Hello” or “Hi”.

    Sometimes, people also don't say exactly what they mean. For example, when someone asks “Do you agree?”, the other person might think, “No, I disagree. I think you're Wrong...” But it isn't very polite to disagree so strongly, so the other person might say “I'm not sure.” It's a nicer way to say that you don't agree with someone.

    People also don't say exactly what they are thinking when they finish talking with other people. For example, many talks over the phone finish when one person say “I've to go now.” Often, the person who wants to hang up gives an excuse(藉口): “Someone's at the door.” “Something is burning on the stove.” The excuses might be real, or not. Perhaps the person who wants to hang up simply doesn't want to talk any more, but it isn't polite to say that. The excuse is more polite, and it doesn't hurt the other person.

    Whether they are greeting each other, talking about an idea, or finishing a talk, people don't say exactly that they are thinking. It's an important way that people try to be nice to each other, and it's part of the game of language.