阅读理解

    Computers have beaten human world champions at chess and, earlier this year, the board game Go. So far, though, they have struggled at the card table. So we challenged one AI to a game.

    Why is poker(扑克) so difficult? Chess and Go are “information complete” games where all players can see all the relevant information. In poker, other players' cards are hidden, making it an “information incomplete” game. Players have to guess opponents' hands from their actions—tricky for computers. Poker has become a new benchmark for AI research. Solving poker could lead to many breakthroughs, from cyber security to driverless cars.

    Scientists believe it is only a matter of time before AI once again vanquishes humans, hence our human-machine match comes up in a game of Texas Hold's Em Limit Poker. The AI was developed by Johannes Heinrich, researcher studying machine learning at UCL. It combines two techniques: neural(神经的) networks and reinforcement learning(强化学习).

    Neural networks, to some degree, copy the structure of human brains: their processors are highly interconnected and work at the same time to solve problems. They are good at spotting patterns in huge amounts of data. Reinforcement learning is when a machine, given a task, carries it out, learning from mistakes it makes. In this case, it means playing poker against itself billions of times to get better.

    Mr Heinrich told Sky News: “Today we are presenting a new procedure that has learned in a different way, more similar to how humans learn. In particular, it is able to learn abstract patterns, represented by its neural network, which allow it to deal with new and unseen situations.”

    After two hours of quite defensive play, from the computer at least, we called it a draw.

不同时代的口号可以解读历史。如下图中口号出现的背景是（    ）

中外历史人物评说

唐太宗论“明君”执政之“君道”，为此后历代帝王所推崇。阅读下列材料：

材料  贞观元年，太宗令长孙无忌和房玄龄修定法律，并说“法者，非朕一人之法，乃天下之法”，“不可任情以轻重”。此后，太宗提出：“以天下之广，四海之众，千端万绪……岂得以一日万机，独断一人之虑也……岂如广任贤良，高居深视，法令严肃，谁敢为非？”贞观二年，太宗问魏征：“何谓为明君？”魏征说：“君之所以明者，兼听也。”太宗以为然，并说“主欲知过，必藉忠臣”，“冀凭直言鲠议，致天下太平”。贞观期间，太宗屡屡对“一士之谔谔（直言）”表示“此言是也，当为卿改之”，并赐绢帛。贞观六年，太宗对侍臣说：“‘可爱非君，可畏非民’，天子者，有道则人推而为主，无道则人弃而不用，诚可畏也。”

                                                                                                                             ——摘编自袁行霈《中华文明史》

1912年中华民国成立，按《中华民国临时政府组织大纲》规定实行总统制，赋予总统很大权力；其后，《中华民国临时约法》又对总统权力做出严格限制。这一变化主要反映出当时（    ）