宋词的文化品格

    从文化角度考察，宋词的荣耀得力于其市井文化与士林文化相互影响的双重品格。这一点。我们可以从词的别名入手加以探讨。词又称“诗余”或“长短句”，前者是循其文体嬗变脉络而言，后者是就其形式立名。至于“曲子词”、“曲子”的别名，则强调其音乐属性。从隋唐至宋，这一属性是造就词的双重文化品格的基础。西域音乐在隋唐时代传入中土，并与汉族的传统音乐融合产生出与雅乐对立的燕乐，燕乐即俗乐，词在初期就是与之相配的歌词。其市井文化的品格不言而喻。明俞彦《爱园词话》云：“诗亡，然后词作，故日余也，非诗亡，所以歌咏诗者亡。”此论也从音乐入手探讨词的产生。反言之，词之所以能够继诗之后获得演唱者或者吟咏者的青睐，又与其表现形式的灵活多样密不可分。词打破了古近体诗较为齐整的句式，参之以变化错落，因而更适于倚声弦歌与抒情迭意。

    作为配乐的歌词，词作者必须按照乐谱的音律、节拍进行创作，才能用于演唱实践，于是“倚声”、“填词”等相关术语就应运而生了。词的句法参差错落，又有多种词牌可创作时选择，因而在传达人们复杂隐秘的内心世界时，它就有了诗所无可比拟的灵活性。古人作文吟诗，往往正襟危坐，以体现“诗言志”的尊严，却独于倚声填词较少顾忌。这就是“诗庄词媚”或“词为艳科”说之由来。在反映社会生活的深度与广度上，或许词不如诗；但若表现复杂的感情世界，词又有胜于诗的优越性。王国维曾就此论道：“词之为体，要眇宜修，能言诗之所不能言，而不能尽言诗之所能言。诗之境阔，词之言长。”他概括出诗与词的不同文体特征，的确很有见地。

    词的文体特征与其音乐属性密切相关，而其接受方式也有了双重选择的可能。当其婉转于歌伎之口以娱悦听众时，听众成分的复杂化要求词的写作须向俚俗靠拢。除字句易于听懂外，情趣的共鸣也是不可或缺的。此外，耳听与目治的接受方式的不同，也要求词的写作不宜晦涩艰深，而要有一定的口语化基础。所有这些要求都无疑会令词的市井文化品格得到加强。否则，词将失去赖以发展的土壤，而成为纯粹供文人欣赏的案头文学。柳永“假使重相见．还得似旧时”，李清照的“不如向帘儿底下，听人笑语”，前者写恋人细语温柔，缠绵悱恻，后者感人生苍凉，寓愁于乐。词句浅显易懂，毫无费解之处，便于听唱；．如果用诗的形式表现，就很难传达出个中细腻微妙的情愫。当然，词也并非只局限于风月情怀或身世之愁的抒发。在言志咏史与挥洒壮志的有关题材中，也有区别于诗的潇洒风度，苏轼的“大江东去”的放歌，辛弃疾的“千古江山”的抒怀，皆可佐证。

世博会中国馆建筑外观以“东方之冠，鼎盛中华，天下粮仓，富庶百姓”的构思主题，表达中国文化的精神与气质。下列能够直接体现中国之冠构思主题的是（   ）

图中医院在学校的（    ）方向

    Movie Nights at the Museum brings you classic movies in a classic location. Each film has been chosen for its connection to an area of our knowledge.

We start this movie season with ocean-inspired cinema to celebrate the arrival of the noble blue whale in the Museum's typical hall, the site for the series.

    So get your popcorn, take your seat, and settle in for Movie Nights at the Museum.

Jaws

    Did you know that great whites actually find the taste of human flesh not tasty? However, this legendary Steven Spielberg thriller sees a giant great white shark cause destruction on the shores of a New England beach town in the mid-1970s.

Free Willy

    Did you know that the killer whale is not a whale? It's actually a dolphin. In this heart-warming 90s classic, orphan Jesse makes friends with a trapped killer whale and does whatever it takes to return him to his family and ocean home.

Finding Nemo

    Contrary to popular belief, fish are actually good at remembering things. Follow young clownfish Nemo, taken unexpectedly from his Great Barrier Reef home, and his father and forgetful partner who go on a brave journey to find him, in this charming Disney adventure.

The Little Mermaid

    In this classic Disney tale of a mermaid princess who dreams of becoming human, Ariel falls in love with a handsome prince, much to the sadness of her father and long-suffering friends. But did you know that a fish is actually brown and flat, with both eyes on one side of its body?

Ticket: £ 28, Member: £ 25.