①孔子和早期儒家学者常常提到“成人”这一概念。孔子强调“仁”。在他看来，有仁德是做人的前提，人要“成人”，就应当“仁”。也就是说，人之为人在于有“仁”心，脱离纯粹的自然状态，懂得“修身”“亲亲”“事亲”。在孔子和早期儒家学者看来，“成人”首先是“有知识的人”，即对社会有基本认知。一个人有了知识，具备了“成人”的基本素质，然后再接受仁义礼乐教化，才能具备“成人”的德行。孔子认为，具备“知”、“不欲”“勇”“艺”等素质，也就是说聪明有智、清心寡欲、勇敢无畏、多才多艺，还不可谓之“成人”。只有见到财利想到道义，见到危难勇于担当，长期困顿却不忘平生之志，这样的人方可谓之“成人”。

       ②孔子和早期儒家学者对“成人”的认识，有着深刻的文化背景。最晚自西周开始，我国就有了比较完备的“成人”礼仪：男子行冠礼，女子行笄（jī）礼。一般说来，士人二十而冠，天子、诸侯、大夫的冠礼则相对较早。男子行“冠礼”，标志着“成人”阶段的开始。“冠礼”的意义在于“弃尔幼志，顺尔成德”，即抛弃孩子气，形成和巩固“成人”的德行。行“冠礼”之后，人们开始享有“成年人”的权利，并对婚姻、家庭和社会尽自己的义务和责任。因此，“冠礼”是对人们“成年”的认可，是人们正式步入“成年人”行列的标志。

       ③礼有“礼仪”与“礼义”的双重涵义，有形式与内容的区分。成为“成人”，不仅要能够行“礼仪”，还要自觉以“礼义”约束自身。《礼记·冠义》指出，人之为人在于懂得礼义，人在成人之后应当穿着得体、行为得当、言辞和顺，应当懂得“人义”，即做人的基本要求。何谓人义？《礼记·礼运》说：“父慈子孝，兄良弟悌，夫义妇听，长惠幼顺，君仁臣忠。十者谓之人义。”行过“冠礼”之后，便应认同这些人伦、实践这些“人义”。

       ④我国古代士人行过“冠礼”后要依次拜见国君、大夫，受拜见的人往往会有一番教导，这对于刚刚成年的人非常有益。“冠礼”所昭示的正确人生路向十分紧要。人要“成人”向善，就应当自觉遵守社会规范，按照礼的标准行事。

       ⑤传统的“成人”教育注重礼的内涵，注重通过礼仪的形式使青少年理解做人的真谛。借鉴和创新传统“成人”礼仪，开展符合时代要求和当代青少年成长实际的礼仪教育，对青少年的道德人格养成及人生观形成具有重要意义。应采取具体措施，组织力量对关乎青少年成长的礼仪教育进行深入研究。在充分酝酿论证的基础上，制定具体的规范，使成人礼等相关礼仪成为青少年人格养成教育的有机组成部分。作为成人仪式的一个重要环节，成人礼不必孤立进行，可与相关礼仪（如入学礼、成童礼等）结合进行，与相关素质教育相结合。

                                                                                                                        （选自杨朝明：《我国古代的“成人”礼仪及其现实意义》，有删改）

对下列各句中加线的字解释有误的一项是（      ）

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Boston College is a state­supportedcollege on the east coast of England which has been recruiting overseasstudents for over 20 years and now has almost 200 international students frommore than 20 different countries.You and your parents can be sure you willreceive the care and support you need to succeed at our college.

We have excellent teaching staff, withtime and patience to help you learn in a stimulating but relaxed atmosphere.We are accredited by the British Council for the quality of our Englishlanguage teaching so you can be sure your learning experience will be good.

Our new modular English course isflexible and enables you to choose the best time to join us.Not only will youcover all aspects of the English language but you will have the choice ofoption subjects such as IELTS Preparation, British Culture, Literature,Business English or Study Skills.We will assess your level of English when youarrive so you can be sure you will study with students of the sameability.Classes are small：usually12～16students so you will receive the individual attention you need to help yousucceed.

Boston College is based on two maincampuses with English courses being taught in our state­of­the­art languagebuilding convenient for our Hall of Residence on the Rochford Campus.A­Leveland International Foundation classes are taught on both Rochford and DeMontfort Campuses.Classrooms are modern and well equipped with a number of specialistfacilities for photography and video，computersuites, art and music studios and an all weather sports pitch.Both campuseshave large Learning Resource Centres, well equipped with computers for studentuse, also available for research or assignment work.Our diploma courses includecatering, hairdressing, computing and engineering, each with its own specialistfacilities.We also have a Music Centre providing teaching rooms, recordingstudio and concert hall.

Notes：

diploma n．文凭

下图为探究植物的光合作用是否需要二氧化碳的实验装置。实验所需的材料用具：生长状况一致的天竺葵、氢氧化钠溶液（可吸收二氧化碳）、清水、小烧杯、碘液、透明的钟罩等。请回答：

下列有关人类遗传病的叙述中，错误的是（ ）