Is There Life on Earth

    There was great excitement on the planet of Venus this week. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.

    The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan(named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago). Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility(可行性)of a manned flying saucer(飞碟)landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology.

    “We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing,” Pro. Zog said, “that there is no life on the Earth.”

    “How do you know this?” the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked.

    “For on thing, Earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive.”

    “What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?”

    “We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means heavier flying saucer than we originally planned.”

    “Are there any other risks that you discovered in your studies?”

    “Take a look at his photo. You see this dark black cloud floating over the surface of Earth?” We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt. We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.”

    “If what you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?”

    “Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.”

    “Pro. Zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there?

    “Because if we Venusians can learn to breathe in an Earth atmosphere, then. We can live anywhere.”

阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。

天人合一——传统文化中有机整体的生态世界观

张涛

    在源远流长、博大精深的中华优秀传统文化中，“天人合一”始终是一个核心理念和重要命题。作为中国传统生态世界观的高度概括和集中体现，“天人合一”把人与自然视为一个有机的整体，其根本意蕴就是顺应自然、保护自然、尊重自然，实现人与自然的和谐发展。陈寅恪先生指出：“中国之思想，可以儒、释、道三教代表之。”儒、释、道在比肩而立、相伴而行的过程中，都对“天人合一”情有独钟、多所阐扬、屡有创获，并呈现出各自的特点和优势。

    《周易》不仅被儒家奉为群经之首，被道家、道教尊为“三玄”之冠，亦曾为佛教众多高僧大德所倚重，它还是最早表述“天人合一”思想的著作。《说卦传》指出：“立天之道曰阴与阳，立地之道曰柔与刚，立人之道曰仁与义。兼三才而两之，故《易》六画而成卦。”《文言传》更有精妙的总结：“夫大人者，与天地合其德，与日月合其明，与四时合其序，与鬼神合其吉凶。先天而天弗违，后天而奉天时。”这些都成为“天人合一”思想的重要渊薮，也成为中国传统生态世界观的经典表述。

    儒家核心思想“仁”不仅仅针对人际交往，也包括对大自然、对生态环境的热爱和友善，希望最终能够协助天地化育万物，达到“天人合一”的境界。孔子具有效法天地而感化万物的优秀品质，将人类社会的伦理道德推及自然界。孟子的“仁民爱物”也有按照自然时节进行生产、生活的思想取向。到了宋代，张载明确提出了“天人合一”的命题，中国传统生态世界观由此发展到了一个新的历史阶段。

    被尊为道家和道教始祖的老子提出：“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。”庄子则进而强调：“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。”道教也继承了这种天人合一、物我合一的思想观念。道教早期经典《太平经》指明凡事皆可一分为三，“天、地、人本同一元气，分为三体”，三者同心相合，即可成就万物。佛教中“众生平等”“依正不二”等主张，也都体现了与“天人合一”异曲同工的生态世界观：人与自然构成了紧密的共生关系，这种关系存在于世间万物之中，所有事物都显现着这种关系，所有事物也都因为这种关系而平等。人类保护了生态，也就是保护了人类自身。

    以上各家尽管在具体表述上有一定差异，但都致力于天人关系的和谐发展，而且都强调人的主体意识和能动作用。《周易》要求顺天而动、适应自然，但又强调“财成天地之道，辅相天地之宜，以左右民”，使大自然造福于人类。《老子》有云：“道大，天大，地大，人亦大。”这也是在凸显人在天人关系中重要的主体作用。在中国思想文化发展史上，儒、释、道之所以能够相互影响、相互渗透、相互借鉴，《周易》固然在其中发挥着重要作用，但被各家一致认同的“天人合一”生态世界观，应该也是出现这种思想文化盛况的重要思想前提和文化基础。我国开展的生态文明建设、美丽中国建设，某种意义上可以看作“天人合一”传统生态世界观在当代的进一步延续和发展。

（选自2016年10月10日《光明日报》，有删节）

朱元璋下令废掉宰相职位，但不久后就不得不承认“人主以一身统御天下，不可无辅臣”，就在身边设置了内阁大学士来协助他处理政务。内阁大学士起初只是皇帝的机要秘书性质的职务，后来又演变为实际的宰相，称为“阁臣”“辅臣”“首辅”。这体现了（    ）

科学发展观的基本要求是坚持全面协调可持续发展。“全面发展”是指（ 　）