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    One of the hardest parts of living abroad is being away from your loved ones, especially your family. While my friends are so important to me, I've personally found it more difficult being away from family.

    However, I was fortunate that my mum and sister recently found the time to see me. Both my sister and I have major birthdays this year as she's tuming 18 and I'll be 21. My sister is a very big music fan and this year, I created my status as the best older sister by keeping an eye out for music concerts in Paris. In our home town of Leicester, we don't regularly get many well-known artists playing in our city. But in Paris, I managed to get the best 18th birthday present of all: tickets for all three of us to see my sister's favorite American rapper, Angel Haze.

    I will try to visit for my sister's actual birthday in June, the chance for my sister and my mum to visit became a birthday treat. The experience of finding our way together to the concert or getting to show them around the Paris sites such as the Eiffel Tower,the Arc du Triomphe and even my favorite ice cream place,Amorino, was an amazing memory for us all !Despite the fact that I felt the slight pressure to make sure the weekend went smoothly,even the heavy rain failed to dampen our mood.

    Therefore, while it can be difficult being away from home and potentially missing big family moments,there are ways to avoid the sadness and find a way to make the best of your situation to create an unforgettable memory. Just like the continuing rain while we went up the Eiffel tower, every cloud has a silver lining, because then we got the funniest photos ever!

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鲨鱼是海洋系统的“整容师”

柳静

    ①鲨鱼是海洋中的庞然大物,也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类,号称“海中狼”。可是,最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签,因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。听到这些,你是否感到十分惊讶呢?

    ②原来,在海洋系统中,许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍,帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击与吞食。尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环境下更是如此:一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动,以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。但是,在2018年1月,西澳大利亚大学等机构研究人员的最新研究发现,近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量猎杀,导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。鲨鱼数量的减少,使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳,导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变,如眼睛变小,尾鳍变小。因此,鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。

    ③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境,但不同的是,罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼,鲨鱼数量比较稳定,而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞,且已经特持续了一百多年。研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞,并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。结果发现,与罗利沙洲的鱼类相比,斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%,尾鳍尺寸小40%

    ④研究人员解释说,人类捕捞鯊鱼使其数量减少,会造成一系列生态后果,小鱼的的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面,其实,鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。

    ⑤首先,鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少,那些体弱多病,基因突变导致畸形的鱼,就不会及时被消灭,进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼,病鱼就会一直繁殖下去,直到基因退化,这不利于种群的健康发展,对整个海洋生物多样性,优化性将是一个致命打击。

    ⑥其次,鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少,将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持,水质环境会进一步恶化。因为,鲨鱼是海洋系统名副其实的“清道夫”。它可以通过清理腐烂的大型海洋动物尸体,来净化海洋生态环境。

    ⑦由此看来,鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中扮演了至关重要的角色,称它为海洋系统的“整容师”一点儿也不为过。

(选自《知识窗》,2018年第4期,有删改)