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如何看待数字时代的文学评论

薛晓倩

    ①评论当然是重要的。传统评论的重要性表现在两个方面:概述原著和提炼观点。贝克在他的著作《你和我》中认为:“思想史变革的主要动力是书评而不是书籍。”因为人们没有那么多时间可以用来阅读所有他们想要阅读的书籍,取而代之,有些时候便选择阅读书评。

    ②除了书评的重要性,另一个争论的焦点在于书评的影响力,包含两个问题:首先,书评是否有影响力?其次,由书评产生的影响是积极的还是消极的?

    ③为了证明评论的影响力,我们需要搜集一些例子,包括那些你已经有了看法的事物,和那些你还不了解的事物。“周六观点”这个电视栏目是个不错的例子。这个栏目会发布书籍、电影、电视秀和展览的介绍及评价,你可以收看节目,然后把认同或不认同的观点记录下来。重复几次之后.你会发现这样一个规律:对于你不喜欢的作品,如果有某些评论试图改变你的态度,那么,在你完全缺乏了解的领域,你会倾向于接受评论者提供的意见。相较而言,如果评论涉及你已经有所了解的领域,你就没那么容易被说动。节目里曾经讨论过一部我读过的小说,评论的观点和我对这部小说的认识大相径庭,令我很不以为然。同样,我也不会因为某人的一家之言而厌烦一部电影。这证明了两点:评论是否有效取决于其具体内容.评论也绝不是简单的“对”与“错”的问题。

    ④评论人对某些作品不够公平的时候,评论就成为了艺术的敌人。另外,大量可能不尽正确的文学批评影响了奖项评审,或许导致很多杰出的作品被低估。如果以往确实存在这种现象,那么近十五年来,随着互联网的发展,随着新媒体对传统媒体行业的冲击和重塑,数字时代的“评论家观点”还有价值吗?

    ⑤《数字批评家》一书给出了在网络时代对文学评论的意义的思考。相对于传统媒体自上而下的结构,网络世界有一些有趣的特性,比如免费的文章、作为职业的博客写作,等等。这本书中最重要的发现是,网络评论对文学评论传统造成了根本性的影响——快如迅雷,又极具吸引力。

    ⑥网络时代的评论会像蔓草似的覆盖掉原始的文本,使其仅剩一个迷蒙的轮廓。当书评取代了书籍本身,评论的波涛淹没了文本本身,导致的结果是,出现了大量对当前观点进行总结的文章。这一切想起来就令人沮丧——大量的文化交流是我们不可能追上而终将错过的。

    ⑦显然,数字时代的文学评论有其内在价值,但是问题也很明显。我们希望字里行间都有爱,但是评论家们漫步在故事、图像、声音和口味所建构的迷宫里,一边怀疑。一边追寻符合他们口味的最终价值,我们应该喜欢这些吗?他们的文学评论深刻而准确吗?

(据2018年5月18日《文汇报》同名文章改写)

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    Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction and even if they have only visited a place once, they will be able to find it again years later.

    I am one of those unfortunate people who have poor sense of direction and I may have visited a place time after time but I still get lost on my way there. When I was young I was so shy that I never dared ask complete strangers the way and so I used to wander round in circles and hope that by some chance I would get to the spot I was heading for.

    I am no longer too shy to ask people for direction, but I often receive replies that puzzle me. Often people do not like to admit that they didn't know their hometown and will insist on telling you the way, even if they do not know it; others, who are anxious to prove that they know their hometown very well, will give you a long list of directions which you can not possibly hope to remember, and still others do not seem to be able to tell between their left and their right and you find in the end that you are going in the opposite direction to that in which you should be going.

    If anyone ever asks me the way to somewhere, I always tell them I am a stranger to the town in order to avoid giving them wrong direction but even this can have embarrassing results.

    Once I was on my way to work when I was stopped by a man who asked me if I would direct him the way to the Sunlight Building. I gave my usual reply, but I had not walked on a few steps when I realized that he had asked for directions to my office building. However, at this point, I decide it was too late to turn back and search for him out of the crowd behind me as I was going to meet with someone at the office and I did not want to keep him waiting.

    Imagine my embarrassment when my secretary showed in the very man who had asked for directions of my office and his astonishment when he recognized me as the person he had asked.