题干

结合图表材料回答问题。

材料:20世纪70年代以来,我国计划生育的成效显著,人口出生率由1970年的33‰下降到2000年15‰。据推算,30年间全国共少生3亿多人,按照20世纪80年代初期的价格水平和消费水平计算,仅抚养一项就为社会节约开支约5万多亿元,而举世瞩目的三峡工程总的投资仅约为2000亿元。

材料二:我国1950年和2000年人口自然增长率和人口密度比较表

年份

出生率

(‰)

死亡率

(‰)

人口自然增长率

(‰)

人口总数

(亿)

人口密度

(人/平方千米)

1950

37.00

17.00

        

5.4

        

2000

15.00

5.50

        

12.95

        

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    Nowadays airfare isn't getting any cheaper with fuel costs rising every day. Luckily, there are plenty of ways to find the most affordable fares and also avoid paying as many extra charges as possible when you plan ahead.

♦ Getting the best fare

    Fly during the least popular times. Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday are the slowest days to fly, which means cheaper deals than the rest of the week. You can also find reduced rates on early morning flights, since many people don't like to get up before the sun to get to the airport. Earlier boarding times can also considerably cut down your chances of getting delayed because of other delayed flights or mechanical issues.

    Choose your seat later. Some airlines charge you to pick your seat when you book online, adding even more to the bottom line of your ticket cost. If you show up early on your travel day, you can still have a chance to get suitable seats that others are not willing to pay extra for ahead of time.

    Fly on holidays. You already know that summer is the most expensive time to fly, but the days surrounding holidays can also be crazy. Save big if you're willing to travel on major holidays, such as Thanksgiving and Christmas.

    Don't wait until the last-minute to book. Book too early or too late and you could end up paying more than you need to. The best time to book is between three months and six weeks from when you want to travel.

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♦Avoiding extra fees

    Avoid the upgrade(升级). It's not necessary. Sometimes upgrades are free, but mostly you will be charged for seeking a last-minute bump to first class, and the cost can be very high.

    Fly carry-on only. Baggage fees vary wildly, but almost all airlines charge them and charge big. It's easy to reduce the amount of stuff if you pack less clothes and only travel-sized toiletries. Planning to do a bit of laundry on your trip will also do.

    Pack your own snacks. Unless you're flying internationally, it's rare your flight comes with a free meal. So put some of your own snacks — homemade muffins, fruit and granola bars all make fantastic travel foods — into your bag and eat a lot better, and cheaper, than other passengers.