题干

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
    It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn't know each other well —Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.
    Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground,“Paris's eye rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started shaking . I knew it was an emergency.”
    It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first,no one moved. The girls were  in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR?”
    CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person's chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen the brain is damaging quickly.
    Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn't think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR, “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,” says Taylor.
    Taylor's swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic devices(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris' heartbeat returned.
     “I know I was really lucky,” Paris say now. “Most people don't survive this. My team saved my life”
    Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.
    Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”
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同类题5

阅读下文,完成下列小题。

                                                                                           科学史的真实与不真实

    ①英国科学家牛顿被从天而降的苹果砸中,灵机一动,发现了万有引力定律。这个故事在全世界家喻户晓。不过,根据英国皇家学会最近公布的一份手稿,牛顿被苹果砸中脑袋是后人杜撰出来的故事。

    ②类似的“人造”故事还有很多。例如,古希腊数学家阿基米德浸浴时顿悟以比重来测定计算王冠中的黄金含量;德国化学家凯库勒在睡梦中看到蛇用头咬着自己的尾巴形成一个圆圈,从而得到启示,创建了苯的环状分子式等。

    ③与其他历史一样,科学史上有的也只是相对的真实而没有绝对的真实。当然,越接近于真实的历史,越是值得称道的,也越有价值。

    ④牛顿被苹果砸中脑袋的故事只是皮毛和局部的不真实而已,这样的“造假”不会影响本质上的事实和发现。牛顿即使没有被苹果砸中,而是看到苹果掉到地面受到启发,也没有影响到发现万有引力这一事实。同理,阿基米德即使不是自己洗澡而是看见别人洗澡而发现物体的比重定律,也不影响他的发现的真实性、可重复性和可验证性。凯库勒的发现故事也同样如此

    ⑤科学的另一种造假才是有害和危险的,而且应当被大众和社会所不容的。这就是改变基本研究数据和基本事实,在虚假的数据和事实之上得出虚假的结论和所谓的成果。历史上这样的造假太多,数不胜数,但大多以身败名裂告终。例如,法国的物理教授布朗洛的神秘N射线、德国古人类学家普罗茨以及被称为“近年最轰动、最大胆的学术造假案”的黄禹锡等人的造假。

    ⑥牛顿被苹果砸中脑袋的故事尽管与黄禹锡等人为造假而编造的故事有本质的区别,但是,从严格意义上讲,这样的造假也是不足取的,因为,科学成就的获得必须以持之以恒的刻苦钻研为基础。科学的任何东西都不应当有一丝的假象和疑点。所以今天还原科学史的真实也是非常有意义的。

                                               (选自《百科知识》2010年第4期,有改动)

【相关链接】

【材料一】英国皇家学会档案馆馆长摩尔说:“尽管这个故事只是部分是真的,但它却在人们的口中越传越美好。后人不停地添油加醋,突出了灵机一动在科学发现中的极大魅力,使得牛顿的形象更加光彩照人。”

【材料二】丁肇中在《应有格物致知精神》中说:“不论是研究自然科学,研究人文科学,还是在个人行动上,我们都要保留一个怀疑求真的态度,要靠实践来发现事物的真相。”