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政治制度是人类社会发展到一定阶段的产物。中国古代专制主义中央集权制度在漫长的历史长河中经历了一个建立、发展到完善、衰亡的历程。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一  秦有天下,裂都会而为之郡邑,废侯卫而为守宰(宰:县令)……

——摘选自柳宗元《封建论》

材料二  主父偃说上曰:“……今诸侯或建城数十,地方千里。缓则骄奢,易为淫乱;急则阻其疆而合纵,以逆京师。……愿陛下令诸侯得推恩分子弟以地,侯之。彼人人喜得所愿。……”于是上从其计。

——《史记·平津侯主父列传》

材料三  唐朝中央机构示意图

 

材料四  军国大计,罔不总揽。自雍乾后百八十年,威命所寄,不于内阁而于军机处,盖隐然执政之府也。

——《清史稿·军机大臣年表序》

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                                                                                 Is There Life on Earth

    There was great excitement on the planet of Venus this week. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.

    The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan(named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago). Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility(可行性)of a manned flying saucer(飞碟)landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology.

    “We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing,” Pro. Zog said, “that there is no life on the Earth.”

    “How do you know this?” the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked.

    “For on thing, Earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive.”

    “What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?”

    “We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means heavier flying saucer than we originally planned.”

    “Are there any other risks that you discovered in your studies?”

    “Take a look at his photo. You see this dark black cloud floating over the surface of Earth?” We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt. We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.”

    “If what you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?”

    “Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.”

    “Pro. Zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there?

    “Because if we Venusians can learn to breathe in an Earth atmosphere, then. We can live anywhere.”