题干

近代社会的民主思想与实践

材料一  比一切更有利的莫如挖掉这些罪恶的根源,那就是不经国会同意,而妄以国王陛下名义,向人民征税或征收其财产税的专断权力;如今,已由两院断定并以国会的一项法案,宣布这权力是违反法律的。(197条)上下两院恭请国王陛下录用国会所信任的枢密大臣、大使及其他大臣,在国内外主管国王陛下的事务,否则我们既不能给陛下提供维持生活的费用,又不能对海外的新教徒按其要求,提供援助。

——《大抗议书》(皮姆起草,1641年12月)

材料二  当立法者们图谋夺取和破坏人民的财产或贬低他们的地位使其处于专断权力下得奴役状态时,立法者们就使自己与人民处于战争状态,人民因此就无需再予服从……人民享有恢复他们原来的自由的权利,并通过建立他们认为合适的新立法机关以谋求他们的安全和保障……当人民发现立法行为与他们的委托相抵触时,人民仍然享有最高的权利来罢免或更换立法机关。

——洛克《政府论》(1690年出版)

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    It was the end of the week at the village school. The bell had rung, and the children had run out into the bright sunshine, wild with laughter and fun. All were happy but poor Davy. He came out last and very1. He was in trouble, and the bright, golden sunlight did not make him2. He walked across the yard, and sat down on a stone behind the old maple. A little bird on the highest branch sang just to make him3. But Davy did not notice it. He was thinking of the4words that had been said about his ragged clothes. The5stole out of his eyes, and ran down his cheeks. Poor little Davy had no6, and his mother had to work hard to keep him at school all by herself. He did not wish to trouble his mother; so he 7among the trees , and at last threw himself on the green moss under them. Just then his beloved teacher Mrs. Smith came8. She saw who it was, smith stopped to ask what was the9 . Davy did not speak, but the tears began to start. Mrs. Smith waited patiently10Davy told her all his  trouble. When he ended, she said11, “Davy. I have a plan which I think will help you.” “Oh , what is it ?” He said, sitting up with a look of 12while a tear fell upon a blue violet. “Well, how would you like to be a little flower13? And earn money?” “That would be jolly. But where shall I get my flowers?” he asked. “14, my boy, the answer to the question is just right in there15.” said Mrs. Smith. “Here are lively blue violets, down by the brook are white ones, and among the rocks are ferns and mosses. 16them all to my house, and I will help you17them.” Davy nodded and went home happily. Day after day. Davy hunted the woods for the18flowers, and the most beautiful ferns and mosses. After his teacher had helped him with new clothes. But for the19, and sold them. He soon carted enough money to buy new clothes. But for the20of his teacher, he couldn't have solved his problem. Now he could see the bright sunshine and hear the bird's singing.