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巨磁电阻效应

1988年阿尔贝•费尔和彼得•格林贝格尔发现,在铁、铬相间的三层复合膜电阻中,微弱的磁场可以导致电阻大小的急剧变化,这种现象被命名为“巨磁电阻效应”.

更多的实验发现,并非任意两种不同种金属相间的三层膜都具有“巨磁电阻效应”.组成三层膜的两种金属中,有一种是铁、钴、镍这三种容易被磁化的金属中的一种,另一种是不易被磁化的其他金属,才可能产生“巨磁电阻效应”.

进一步研究表明,“巨磁电阻效应”只发生在膜层的厚度为特定值时.用R0表示未加磁场时的电阻,R表示加入磁场后的电阻,科学家测得铁、铬组成的复合膜R与R0之比与膜层厚度d(三层膜厚度均相同)的关系如图所示。

1994年IBM公司根据“巨磁电阻效应”原理,研制出“新型读出磁头”,将磁场对复合膜阻值的影响转换成电流的变化来读取信息.

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阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

    Every fast-food employee knows that the drive-through window is the worst position. The window sticks with constant ice; the roar of engines hurts your 1; your words are lost in the howling wind.

    On a 2 afternoon, everything changed.

    Every once in a while, the sub-zero temperatures seal a 3 windows shut. Drivers don't exactly enjoy having to stand outside in the cold, 4 their orders into a speaker box, when they expect to drive through on their heated leather seats. In such cases, most customers tend to show their annoyance to the employees.

    This woman was 5.

    “I'll get the next car's 6 as well,” she said as she came up to the window to pay. She stood outside, 7 much snow on her hair. Though she was obviously freezing, her bright 8 lit up her face like a fire.

    “You can't 9 their drinks,” I said, confused and tired.

    “No, but I'll buy them,” she said. “Pay it forward and all that.”

    Completely puzzled, I charged her as 10, and when the next customer arrived at the window I explained what had just happened. I watched as his 11 changed — first angry to be out in the cold, then 12 at the random act of kindness, and finally, delighted by his 13.

    “I suppose I'll pay for the next order then,” he replied, nodding and waving at the impatient driver 14 him. He 15 over the cash and received his pre-paid hot drink. The trend continued. Customers arrived annoyed, only to leave 16 and pleased. Some were shocked to spend much more than they had expected, 17 others ended up receiving their order for less than half the price.

    Five vehicles passed, then ten, then twenty. No one refused to pay. Customers stood at my window 18 a fist-full of change to buy drinks for a complete stranger. Cars drove off, honking (鸣笛) and 19 their thanks.

    It only takes one customer, one person, to change the entire 20 of traffic. It only takes one moment, one smile, to warm up even the coldest of days.