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20世纪的战争与和平

材料一:1920年成立的国际联盟规定:国联大会或行政院之决议需出席会议之会员国全体同意,即“全体一致”原则;会员国尊重并保持所有各会员国之领土完整及现有之政治独立:凡任何战争或战争之威胁,联盟应采取适当措施以保持和平;会员国如违背盟约而从事战争,其他会员国有权对其进行经济、军事及政治制裁。但国联盟约也存在着严重漏洞,并未避免新的世界大战的爆发。

材料二:二战后成立联合国,其宪章规定:联合国的宗旨是维护国际和平及安全;各会员国须废弃战争,以和平手段解决国际争端,不得使用威胁或武力侵害任何国家之领土完整或政治独立;在形成重大决议方面,五个常任理事国具有否决权,即实行“大国一致”原则;对于威胁、破坏和平及侵略行为之应付方法,安理会可对当事国实行制裁,如和平手段不足以恢复和平,得采取必要之空海陆军行动,以维持或恢复国际和平及安全。

    在具体实践集体安全原则方面,据联合国成立50周年时的统计,促使172场地区冲突得以和平解决,80场一触即发的战争得以避免。从1948年6月到2015年5月,联合国共实施了71次维和行动。

——徐蓝《世界大战、集体安全与人类文明的进步》

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    For hours after their boat sank, Ken Henderson and Coen trod(踏) water in the Gulf of Mexico, talking about life and death while struggling to survive. For more than 30 hours, it worked.

    Then Henderson was forced to make a decision. “I'm going to go for help or you're not going to make it,” Henderson told Coen, just before cutting the strap(带子) that connected them in the deep, cold waters. “I understand,”Coen responded, giving Henderson a last set of instructions, “Kiss my babies for me.”

    Days after the fishing trip ended in tragedy, Henderson told the story for The Associated Press.

    They had been fishing for a few hours when suddenly Coen noticed the boat was filling with water. Henderson got both motors roaring, only to have the saltwater that had leaked in break them straight away…Coen jumped to the right, his sunglasses and cap flying off. The two grabbed extra life jackets and other floating items, including a half full bottle of Diet Coke.

    “The water was so cold and it took your breath away,” Henderson said. They immediately began to tremble.

    The pair prepared for a long wait. And they talked.

“We discussed things and discussed life. We discussed families. We just tried to keep occupied,” Henderson said.

    Eventually Coen started hallucinating(有幻觉). Henderson tried to keep Coen's arms and legs moving. But as morning came, Coen's situation worsened. And so Henderson decided to cut the strap.

    He swam for two hours, tired, frustrated and depressed. Then he saw an oil rig(钻探平台) in the distance. He swam, seeing ice and crystal trees in the water. He reminded himself constantly there were no trees.

    His legs was so weak that he could barely lift them. Henderson slowly pulled himself up the rig's ladder.

    It was over 50 miles from where they had gone in the water.

    All he could think of was Coen. Convinced his friend would survive, he told the coast guard where they had parted.

    Two hours later, a fisherman found a body in a life jacket.

    Later, in the hospital, Henderson saw his friend. He apologized and asked for forgiveness. He promised to realize his wishes and look after his girls.

    “I felt like a part of me had died out there,” Henderson said.