题干

阅读下列材料:

材料一   史书记载,北魏孝文帝与心腹大臣拓跋澄讨论迁都洛阳的问题。孝文帝表示:“今日之行,诚知不易,但国家兴自北土,徙居平城,虽富有四海,文轨未一,此间用武之地,非可文治,移风易俗,信为甚难。崤函帝宅,河洛王里,因兹大举,光宅中原。”拓跋澄的回答是:“伊洛中区,均天下所据,陛下制御华夏,辑平九服,苍生闻此,应当大庆。”

材料二   孝文帝带头纳范阳卢敏、清河崔宗伯、颍阳郑羲、太原王琼、陕西李冲等汉族大士族的女儿以充后宫,并亲自为六弟聘室,命长弟咸阳王禧聘故颍川太守陕西李辅女,次弟河南王干聘故中散大夫代郡穆明乐女,次弟广阳王羽聘骠骑谘议参军颖阳郑平城女,次弟颖川王雍聘故中书博士范阳卢神宝女,次弟始平王勰聘廷尉卿陕西李冲女,季弟北海王祥聘吏部郎中颖阳郑懿女。六个王妃中,除代郡穆明乐女出于鲜卑八大贵族之一外,其余都是中原的著名汉族大士族。

材料三   (太和)十有八年……十二月……革衣服之制。十有九年……诏不得以北俗之语言于朝廷,若有违者免所居官。……诏迁治之民死葬河南,不得还北。于是代人南迁者,悉为河南洛阳人。……甲子,引见群臣于光极堂,班赐冠服(即按官位高低不同赐给汉宫服装)

——引自《魏书·高帝纪下》

材料四   魏主下诏,以为:“北人谓土为拓,后为跋。魏之先出于黄帝,以土德王,故为拓跋氏。夫土者,黄中之色,万物之亢也,宜改姓元氏。诸功臣自代(按:代,郡名,今山西省东北、河北省西北一带)来者,姓或重复,皆改之”。

——引自《资治通鉴》

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    Hiking with some friends provided an opportunity to relax ourselves. Cold with a mixture of sun and snow1a quicker step on the mountain. On the way, we2a large troop of boy scouts and their families heading down as well. The majority of the troop was quickly well ahead and out of3.

    Left behind were a boy and his mother who seemed uneasy. We slowed our4to talk with them before we 5passed them. They caught up again when my friend 6to tie her shoe. The boy at that moment fell down. My friend attempted to 7him as he rolled down the path.

    Helped up, the boy was8, crying in his mother's arms. He said that his knee hurt and I could see the9spreading across the mother's face. I asked if I could help, with my friend explaining that I was a nurse. After a quick 10 I could tell that more than anything he was 11,his mom as well.12he stayed sitting, wrapped in his non's arms. Asking if they needed anything before we continued on, I turned to go leaving the13sitting on a rock.

    I only took a few steps forward before14 that there was more that could be done .I15 to my friends for slowing them down, then turned and asked the boy and his mother if they wanted me to wait and hike down with them when they were 16.I could see the relief wash over the mother's face as she said “yes” and17stood to continue on.

    The New England autumn had left the path 18with beautiful slippery leaves. So we went slowly, ensuring19footsteps. I realized that I was being gifted with more time to take in the20of the woods, conversation with friends and connections.