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儒家新人文主义

﹣﹣儒学未来发展的一条可能路径

王正

    儒家对人、对社群、对自然、对精神的理解,与西方不同。中国思想是在一种“存有的连续”中去思考各个方面、各个层次的关系,而西方则是以各个分解的逻辑或定义的方式去认识世界。在这样一种差别下,基于儒家思想的新人文主义可以为我们提供一个新的思考基础和实践方向。

    儒家认为个人不是个体性的存在,因此儒家根本反对西方近代以来原子主义式的对人的理解。儒家认为每一个个体都不是孤零零地生活在这个世界上的,每一个人都生活在一个具体盼与他人共同在一起的伦理情境中,所以儒家特别重视人伦观念。孔子就曾说:“鸟兽不可与同群,吾非斯人之徒与而谁与?”(《论语•微子》)人应当按照人伦规定来生活,任何试图逃离人伦之外的想法和做法从根本上讲都是有问题的。

    对于社群,儒家认可独立社群的独立存在意义,但儒家并不认为各个社群之间是一种绝对不同或者完全隔离甚至处于冲突的状态,而是将各个家庭、社区、民族、国家和文化共同体看作相互关联着的社群,并认为由这些社群共同构成了一个最大的社群﹣﹣整体人类生活的这个世界,而这个最大社群的和睦正是它的共同善。由此可知,儒家认为每个小社群之间不应当是冲突对立的,而是应当基于对大社群和谐的认同而处于和睦的状态。

    儒家认为自然虽然有其独立客观的意义,但从根本上讲,人也是自然的一部分,并不是外在于自然的,因此自然在一定意义上也内在于人的存在中。也正因如此,人虽然有其特殊于其他物种的特性,但这并不意味着人就高于自然,而恰恰是自然赋予了人这种独特性,所以人应当在一定的不伤害自然的范围内去实现自己的独特性。当这种独特性和自然恰到好处地共同实现的时候,就是儒家的“天人合一”了。

    当然,儒家的天还有命运之天和义理之天的含义,因此儒家的天人合一并不仅是自然意义的合一,还有终极超越意义的合一。“天何言哉?四时行焉,百物生焉,天何言哉?”(《论语•阳货》)孔子认为“天”无声无息而自然作用,生化万物而并不与人分裂,因此它是人本来应具之天性和最终应达之境界。所以人应以天为则,通过自己的不断努力,最终实现最高的境界﹣﹣天人合一。由此,儒家将人的精神提升到具有宗教性意义的程度。

      因为儒家如上对人、社群、自然、精神的认识和追求,基于儒家的新人文主义可以成立。而这种成立,不仅是一种经典阐释上的成立,更是一种哲学理念的成立。因为它是当代儒家学者经由和西方以及其他文明的对照,而在传统儒家基础上重新发掘出的具有新意义的哲学理念,所以它可以在当下这个现代甚至后现代的时代生发出真正的力量,去影响人、改变人。当然,我们应当给基于儒家资源的新人文主义一个长时间的发酵,以使它正常而顺利地发展,而不宜过于苛刻的要求它迅速发生效力,那最终只会伤害到这一理念的自发性生长,而造成儒家思想一次新创生的迟滞。

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                                                                  Warley Woods Community (社区) Trust

    Welcome to our third news letter of the year!

    Our main activity for March is our Walk for the Woods fundraising events on Saturday, 17th March, starting any time between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. We will be walking the distance between Warley Woods and Tipperary. It is indeed a long way — 80 miles. The more people that you can get sponsor you, the more money we can raise to helplook after our beautiful woodland. More information is available at ourwebsite.

    The Sunday volunteers planted two beeches and an oak last week. This was thanks to the money from the Big Tree Plant and to Lisa and Gordon Whitiker, whose friends gave money forthe big trees instead of for their wedding presents. Thanks to everyone who took part.

    There were 15 volunteersat the Oral History Training Day which was led very ably by Julia Letts. The group will be meeting again and will start to interview the local people whohave offered to tell their stories. We are happy to hear from others who would like to be interviewed about their memories of the Woods for the project. If you or anyone you know is interested, please call Viv Cole at the office. This project is financed by Heritage Lottery Fund.

    There was a huge response to the Forest Schools activities held at half term. These will be held again during the Easter holidays on the following dates: 4th April from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. for over 8s. On 12th April form 10 a.m. to 12 noon, there will be a Teddy Bears' Picnic for the under 8s. All these must be booked in advance.

    Finally, don't forget the Easter Egg Roll on Bank Holiday, 9th April, staring at 11 a.m. Bring your ownhard-boiled and decorated egg to roll down the hill in the woods. The firstpast the finishing line will win a large chocolate egg! This year, due to popular demand, there will also be an Adults' Easter Egg Roll following the children's competition.

    We look forward to seeing you all soon, at one of our many events.