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    Do you know when restaurants were invented? The first restaurant were invented thousands of years ago. However, they were very different from restaurants today.

    The first restaurants were in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. These restaurants served food in large stone bowls people didn't order food from a menu. Everyone used to share the food from big bowls. People believe that these places were very popular because most homes in ancient Greece and Rome did not have kitchens. Also, people didn't have to store food at home if they ate their meals at these restaurants.

    Later, restaurant began to open in China. In the early 1100s, more than one million people lived in the city of Hangzhou, China. It was a very busy city, and people had money. All of these people had to eat. Smart cooks started cooking and selling food along the Imperial Way, a very big street in the city. Unlike in ancient Greece and Rome, people in China could choose food from a menu. They didn't have to eat the same food as everyone else.

    For the next several centuries, there were restaurants all over the world. People could buy food on the street or at inns-- small hotels. Then in the middle of the 1700s, restaurants started opening in Paris. These restaurants were more similar to restaurants we know today. There was a bigger variety of food, and eating in these restaurants was a more enjoyable experience. In the 19th century, trains made travel much faster and simpler. In the end, this kind of restaurant began to appear all over Europe and in other parts of the world.

    Now, restaurants are everywhere. You can buy a variety of different kinds of food. You can have food sent to your door. But remember it wasn't always like that.

在新中国建立之初进行的抗美援朝和土地改革运动的共同作用是（    ）

跳远金牌应该给____，银牌给____，铜牌给____．

    魏知古，深州陆泽人。方直有雅才，擢进士第。以著作郎修国史，累迁卫尉少卿，检校相王府司马。神龙初，为吏部侍郎，以母丧解。服除，为晋州刺史。睿宗立，以故属拜黄门侍郎，兼修史。

    会造金仙、玉真观，虽盛夏，工程严促，知古谏日：“臣闻‘古之君人，必时视人之所勤，人勤于食则百事废’，故日‘不作无益害有益’。又日‘罔睇百姓以从己之欲’。此皆兴化立治、为政养人之本也。今为公主造观，将以树功祈福，而地皆百姓所宅，卒然迫逼，令其转徙，扶老携幼，剔椽发瓦，呼嗟道路。乖人事，违天时，起无用之作，崇不急之务，群心震摇，众口藉藉。陛下为人父母，欲何以安之？愿下明诏，顺人欲，除功役，收之桑榆，其失不远。”不纳。复谏日：“自陛下戡翦凶逆，保定大器，苍生颞颞，以谓朝有新政。今风教颓替日益甚，府藏空屈，吏员浸增，诸司试补、员外、检校官已赢二千，太府之帛为殚，太仓之米不支。臣前请停金仙、玉真，讫亦未止。今前水后旱，五谷不立，繇兹向春，必甚饥馑，陛下欲何方以赈之？又突厥于中国为患自久虽遣使请婚恐豺狼之心弱则顺伏强则骄逆月满骑肥若乘中国饥虚窥犯亭鄣复何以防之？”帝嘉其直，以左散骑常侍同中书门下三品。

    先天元年，为侍中。从猎渭川，献诗以讽，手制褒答，并赐物五十段。明年，封梁国公。窦怀贞等诡谋乱国，知古密发其奸，怀贞诛，赐封二百户，物五百段。玄宗恨前赏薄，手敕更加百户，旌其著节。是冬，诏知东都吏部选事，以称职闻，优诏赐衣一副。自是恩意尤渥，由黄门监改紫微令。与姚崇不协，除工部尚书，罢政事。开元三年卒，年六十九。宋景闻而叹日：“叔向古遗直，子产古遗爱，兼之者其魏公乎！”赠幽州都督，谥日忠。

（节选自《新唐书·魏知古传》）