阅读文章，回答下面问题

　　Mrs. Green is the mother of two children. She is a shop assistant(店员). She is very busy every day. Every morning, she cooks breakfast for her family. She cooks eggs for her daughter and makes bread for her son. At noon she eats hamburgers in her shop. Her children have lunch in the school dining hall.

    In the evening, Mrs. Green gets home very late. When she gets home, her children get ready for dinner. Mr. Green cooks beef noodles for his daughter and cooks carrots for his son. And Mrs. Green usually buys some chicken from the supermarket. It's Mrs. Green's favourite food.

下列概念的建立没有用到“等效替代”方法的是（     ）

人口倒挂是指流动人口数量超过本地居民的现象。近年来，上海市流动人口年龄结构明显年轻化，以从事制造业为主。读下图，回答下列问题。

面对“大跃进”和人民公社化运动带来的严重后果，1961年党和政府采取的措施是（    ）