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2016年美国总统大选再次引发了世界各国对美国制度的兴趣。阅读下列材料:

材料一:美国的创新在于:它建立了这样一个政府,它分权但不分裂,制衡却不抗衡;……20世纪20年代末,为了拯救市场,唯一的办法居然是“中止市场”!但“中止市场”又不是“消灭市场”,需要的是一种能够“控制”市场的权力,而执行这种权力的恰恰是国家!

──摘编自钱乘旦《世界现代化历程》

材料二:如图表所示是关于美国1787年宪法中联邦制的漫画和美国全国性政府与州政府的权力划分表

美国全国性政府与州政府的权力划分表

全国性政府

州政府

发行货币

处理对外关系

管理州际商业

宣战组建并维持军事理论

建立低于最高法院的法院

接纳新州

管理州内商业

进行选举

维护公共卫生、安全和道德

建立地方政府

批准联邦宪法修正案

建立州民兵

材料三:美国1787年宪法并未像早期的州宪那样,在新政府中设立独立的内阁机构。虽然内阁后来得到公认而成为联邦政府的一个组成部分,但始终无法定权力,无法定组织原则,无法定运行机制……19世纪60年代以来,不断有人提倡改革内阁,加强内阁与国会的关系,提高内阁的地位,使其成为对议会负责的机构。但结果都未获得成功,其根本原因在于美国制度本身。

──张定河《美国政治制度的起源与演变》

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    A lady in an old cotton dress and her husband, dressed in an old suit, stepped off the train in Boston, and walked into the president of Harvard's outer office. The secretary could tell in a moment that such country people had no business at Harvard. She frowned(皱眉). “We want to see the president,” the man said softly. “He'll be busy all day,” the secretary said coldly. “We'll wait,” the lady replied.
    For hours, the secretary didn't talk to them, hoping that the couple would finally become tired and go away. They didn't. And the secretary finally decided to disturb the president. “Maybe if they just see you for a few minutes, they'll leave,” she told him. He frowned too. Someone of his importance obviously didn't have the time to spend with them.
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    For a moment the lady was silent. The president was pleased. He could get rid of them now. The lady turned to her husband and said quietly. “Is that all it costs to start a university? Why don't we just start our own?” Her husband nodded. Mr. and Mrs. Leland Stanford walked away, traveling to Palo Alto, California where they set up the university with their name, Stanford University, a memorial to a son that Harvard no longer cared about.