Rather Public speaking and critical thinking

    What is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it's a matter of logic (逻辑) — of being able to spot weaknesses in other people's arguments and to avoid them in your own, it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence .

    In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking – the ability to see clearly the relationships among ideas____The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was really available and put it together differently to produce new ideas. That, too, is critical thinking.

    ____ As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical (机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter of arranging the ideas your already have____

    What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking.____ As you work on expressing your ideas in clear accurate language, you will improve your ability to think clearly and accurately____ As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.

    If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece.

A. Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.

B. This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it.

C. It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech.

D. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speechmaking, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well.

E. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways.

F. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.

G. It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.

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父爱无价

    很多年以前，有一个非常富有的男人和他那年轻的儿子生活在一起，他们两人都非常热爱收藏艺术品。他们一起环游世界，并且只把最好的艺术珍品添加进他们的收藏品中去。它们被挂在他们家中的墙上，装饰门庭。当这位日渐衰老的鳏夫看着他那惟一的儿子成为一位经验丰富的艺术品收藏家的时候，心里就感到非常欣慰，尤其令他引以自豪的是，当他们与世界各地的艺术品收藏家进行交易时儿子那高超的鉴赏力以及敏锐的生意头脑。

    那年冬天，他们的国家卷入了战争。因此，这个年轻人离开了家，奔赴前线，为国而战。才过了短短的几个星期，这位老人就收到了一封电报，说他那至爱的儿子牺牲了，心神狂乱的老人孤独寂寞地独自面对着即将到来的圣诞节，心里充满了痛苦和悲伤。

    圣诞节的早晨，一阵敲门声唤醒了这位神情沮丧的老人。他打开房门，看见一位手里提着一个非常大的包裹的士兵正向他敬礼。

    士兵向老人自我介绍道：“我是您儿子的一位朋友。我有一些东西要给您看。”

    老人小心翼翼地打开包裹，里面露出一张纸。他轻轻地把它展开，原来是一幅肖像画，画的正是他那至爱的儿子。虽然，这幅画不是出自一位天才画家之手，自然也称不上是天才之作，但是它对那个年轻人脸部的细节特征把握得很准，可以说是惟妙惟肖。

    睹物思人，看着儿子的肖像画，老人仿佛又看到了儿子一样，老泪纵横，久久说不出话来。良久，他才强忍住悲伤，向眼前的这位士兵道谢，并说他将把这幅肖像画悬挂在壁炉的上方。

    儿子的这幅肖像画成了他最为珍贵的财产，它使得他对世界各地的博物馆里收藏的那些所谓无价珍品的兴趣也黯然失色。他还经常对邻居们说，这幅画是他迄今为止收到的最珍贵的礼物。

    春天到了。可是这位可怜的老人却得了一场大病，不久就去世了。根据老人的遗愿，他所有的绘画珍品将在新的圣诞节那天拿出来拍卖。

    圣诞节终于到了，那些艺术品收藏家从世界各地聚集到了拍卖现场，热切地盼望着竞买那些世界上最引人入胜的绘画珍品。

    拍卖会由拍卖一件任何一家博物馆的藏品目录上都没有的绘画作品开始。它就是那个老人儿子的肖像画，拍卖师向众人征求一个拍卖的底价，但是会场里却像死一般沉寂。

“有谁愿意出价100美元买下这幅画吗？”拍卖师问道。

    仍旧没有人说话。又过了一会儿，从拍卖厅的最后面传来一个声音：“谁要买那幅画啊？它只不过是他儿子的肖像画，快把那些珍品拿出来拍卖吧！”

    顿时，赞同声、附和声此起彼伏。

     “不，我们必须首先拍卖这一幅，”拍卖师答道，“现在，谁愿意买下他儿子的肖像画？”

    最后，老人一个并不富有的朋友说话了：“10美元你愿意卖吗？那样的话我就可以买下它了。”

     “还有没有人愿意出更高的价钱？”拍卖师大声问道。拍卖厅里越发安静下来，片刻之后，他喊道：“10美元一次，10美元二次……好，成交！”

    拍卖槌重重地落了下来。顿时，拍卖厅里人声鼎沸，庆贺声不绝于耳，有人叫道：“现在，我们可以竞买那些珍品了吧！”

    此刻，拍卖师无声地环顾了一下群情激奋的观众，郑重地宣布：“拍卖到此结束！按照这位老人，当然也就是肖像画中那位儿子的父亲的遗愿，谁买下那幅肖像画……”拍卖师顿了一下，遗憾地看了看众人，“谁就可同时得到他所收藏的全部珍品！”

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告别──____　　　　仔细──____　　　　　　　观察──____