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阅读《善待家园(节选)》,回答问题。

    50年前,16岁的周全喜随逃难的人群从山东来到了乌兰察布盟德仁村。这里原本是一处水草丰美的大草原。草有一人多高,风一吹能看到黄羊。草原四周小溪流淌,滋润着草原。

    这一切在周全喜看来并不美丽。草原能长庄稼吗?草原能糊口吗?这位山东汉子没有犹豫,定居下来后便挥起锄头开始在齐腰深的草丛中垦草种粮。随着锄头的起落,一块块绿地成了黄色。当裸露的土地暴露在他面前时,他年轻的脸上洋溢着得意的自信:这回吃饭没问题了。随着耕种面积的不断扩大,周全喜幸福生活的欲望愈加强烈。

    继周全喜之后,这里又相继来了许多逃难者。

    为了解决吃饭问题,他们同样满怀信心地挥起头,希冀开出一片幸福美好的田地。人越聚越多,开垦的范围越来越大。肥美的草原就这样被人糟践着。

    周全喜告诉我,50年中,他开垦的草地由10亩增加到70亩,但粮食单产却由每亩250斤下降到不足50斤。

    50年的辛劳,他没有走出贫困,没有过上丰衣足食的美好生活。继他之后来到这里的人也同样没有摆脱贫困!50年中,这里的人口由几十增加到几千,为解决吃饭问题,人们陷入了开垦——减产——再开垦——再减产的恶性循环之中。他们天真地认为长草就能长粮,过惯苦日子的他们怀着善良美好的愿望希望拥有自己的良田沃土。他们万万没有想到,自己辛勤劳作的结果却是草地没了,小溪断流干涸了,开垦出的草地只长一年粮。裸露的土地没了草的呵护,先是干旱,继而沙化,继而变成茫茫沙海。绿地变成了沙地,沙地带来了贫困。大自然对无知的人就是这样无情。

    航空遥感资料显示,全内蒙古自治区的土地沙化面积已占全区面积的65%。解放后,内蒙古两次大规模的开荒热,造成100多万公顷草地沙漠化。当地群众痛心地说:一年开草场,两年打点粮,三年五年变沙梁。

    沙漠并未因人的痛心而止步,沙漠化面积仍在继续扩大。

    造成沙漠化的另一个原因是过度放牧。

    联合国沙漠化会议规定,干旱草原每头家畜应占有5亩草地作为临界放牧面积。目前内蒙古草原每头家畜所占草场面积不足联合国沙漠化会议规定临界放牧面积的三分之一。过多的牧畜集中在有限的草地内,会使草场资源因负荷量过重而衰竭,先是产草量下降,继而草场开始退化,接着草原植被日趋稀疏低矮;草盖不住地后,裸露的地表再经常受大量畜蹄的践踏,促使表生植被死亡,地皮硬结破碎,形成众多风蚀破口,在风力作用下导致草场沙漠化。牧民们普遍反映,羊多了,草少了,风沙大了。这一多一少一大的变化,暴露了当地所面临的严重的生态危机。

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    Robot are about to enter our lives. From doing housework, entertaining and educating our children, to looking after the elderly, scientists say we will soon be welcoming robots into our homes and workplaces.

    Researchers believe we are on the cusp (过渡点) of a robot revolution that will mirror the quick growth of the computer revolution. They are developing new laws for robot behavior, and designing new ways for humans and robots to communicate.

    “I think robots will change who we are, just as eyeglasses and fire changed who we were before, says Rodney Brooks, a director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

    Some ideas and technologies may sound like science fiction, but they are fast becoming science fact. Robots scientists invented are already beginning to perform everyday tasks like cleaning our floors. The latest types from Japan are able to help the elderly to get out of bed or get up after a fall. They can also remind them when to take medication (药物), or even help wash their hair.

    “Robot now are not human-like. For example they are things like automatic (自动的) beds and wheelchairs,” says Prof Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, Japan. He believes the time is coming when robots start looking less like machines, and more like us. “In the near future we are going to use more human-like robots. I really think so, says Prof Ishiguro.

    Prof Maja Mataric at the University of Southern California agrees. “I'm very excited about the fact that today we are trying to make robots that look like human beings,” she says.

    “I believe we love robots because they're reflections (反映) of ourselves,” says Ken Goldberg, director of the Berkeley Center for New Media at the University of California at Berkeley.

    “Robots could be used in education, learning, and healthcare, where social support is important,” says Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, director of the Personal Robots Group at MIT.