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这个“杀手”有点冷

秦明豫

①爆炒小龙虾一度是昆明消夜摊上的热销菜,小龙虾正式的名字叫“克氏原螯虾”,原产于南美洲,20世纪初由日本传入我国,后经人工养殖和自然扩散,逐渐扩散到全国各地,昆明出现小龙虾大概在2000年前后。小龙虾虽可食用,但逃逸野外的小龙虾却会酿成大祸。它们取食秧苗,破坏土壤,影响秧苗生长,使稻田失水,出现早衰和减产。小龙虾是“筑洞高手”,被它挖过的沟堤犹如被抽空的“骨架”,踩上去很容易塌陷。

②牛蛙作为另一道美食也不是省油的“蛙”,它在满足人们食欲的同时,也在对生态系统造成破坏。牛蛙原产地是北美的落基山脉地区,我国的地理位置和气候条件与北美牛蛙的原产地较相近。牛蛙自上世纪八十年代大量引入以来,由于野外放养及人工圈养不慎导致局部生态危机。牛蛙除了吃一些昆虫、蛇、鼠、鸟、龟及鱼等小型脊椎动物外,一些专门捕食田间害虫的本地珍稀蛙类也惨遭其毒手。据了解,牛蛙的繁殖速度惊人,抗病力也很强,它一年产卵多次,一次产卵1万粒~5万粒,其寿命可长达7年~20年,故有人将它称之为田间“暴龙”。

③福寿螺这个名字稍显陌生,但实际上平常我们用牙签挑着吃的那种大螺蛳就是福寿螺,只是一般叫不出它的名字。福寿螺又名苹果螺,原产南美洲亚马逊河流域。改革开放之初,我国大力发展经济,一位巴西籍华人将福寿螺作为水产养殖引入广东,此后几年,福寿螺的食用养殖在广东、福建、云南等地广泛推广开来。但由于过度养殖,管理不善,大量福寿螺被释放到野外,给生态系统带来严重威胁。

④据云南省农科院农业环境资源研究所张付斗副研究员介绍,目前在云南省的保山、大理、德宏等13个州(市)都分布有福寿螺,总分布面积达到300多万亩,其中危害水田的有200多万亩,每年造成直接经济损失近5 000万元。因其适应性强,繁殖迅速,已发展成为一种危害巨大的外来入侵物种。福寿螺的食量很大,蚕食水稻等农作物,所产生的大量粪便污染水体。据介绍,每只雌螺可年产卵万粒,繁殖量惊人,可造成其他水生物种灭绝。福寿螺同时还是卷棘口吸虫、广州管圆线虫的中间宿主,因此会传播疾病。

⑤近年来,福寿螺在大理洱海周边呈爆发式增长,洱海管理局每年投入20余万元经费,对其进行专项治理。由于福寿螺的虫卵主要粘附于湿地生态系统中的各种植物上,不能进行机械化的大规模作业,只能采取人工铲除的方法进行治理,给治理带来难度。目前,福寿螺的防治仍以化学防治为主,人工防治为辅,人们通常会采取短期处理方法如使用杀螺剂杀灭福寿螺,但这些杀螺剂对环境也存在一定副作用。

⑥为什么“外来入侵物种”会具有如此强大的破坏力?业界学者一种观点认为,“外来入侵物种”进入后会失去对原产地天敌的抗性,把原来用于维持抗性的“生物能量”用于生长繁殖,从而提高竞争能力。然而,“外来入侵物种”的繁殖却具有复杂的多变性,目前国内专家正在不遗余力地进行深入研究,为控制和防止“外来入侵物种”构建多层次的防控网。

(选自《春城晚报》2011年11月21日)

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    His palms were sweating. He needed a towel to dry his grasp. The sun was as hot as the 1 he faced today at the National Junior Olympics. The bar (横竿) was set at 17 feet. That was three inches higher than his personal best. Michael Stone faced the most 2 day of his pole-vaulting(撑竿跳高) career.

    You couldn't tell whether Michael Stone was surprised, excited or vain about clearing the bar at 17 feet. As soon as he 3 on the inflated(充了气的) landing mat, Michael immediately began 4 for his next attempt at flight. He seemed 5 the fact that he had just beaten his personal best 6 three inches and that he was one of the first two competitors in the pole-vaulting 7 at the National Junior Olympics.

    When Michael 8 the bar at 17 feet 2 inches and 17 feet 4 inches, again he showed no 9. As he lay on his back and 10 the crowd sigh, he knew the other vaulter had missed his final jump. He knew it was time for his final jump. Since the other vaulter had 11 misses, Michael needed to clear this vault to win. A 12 would get him second place. It was nothing to be ashamed of,13 Michael would not 14 himself to have the thought of not winning first place.

    He rolled over and found his pole, stood and stepped on the runway that 15 the most challenging event of his 17-year-old life.

    As he sprinted (冲刺) down the runway, something felt wonderfully different, yet familiar. When he took a deep breath, it happened. He began to 16 like an eagle.

    He later went on that day to clear 17 feet 6 inches: a new National and International Junior Olympics record.

    With all the media attention and sponsorship possibilities, Michael's life would never be 17 again. It wasn't just because he won the National Junior Olympics and18 a new world record. And it wasn't because he had just increased his personal best by 9 inches. It was simply because Michael Stone is blind.

    A chance encounter can sometimes make all the 19 to whether hardship brings 20 the best in us or the worst.