石墨烯，潜在应用令人惊喜

    ①2017年，英国和中国的科学家先后利用不同方法，实现了对氧化石墨烯层间距的精准控制，使得体积较小的水分子可以顺利通过，而盐离子则被“堵在门外”。该成果展现了氧化石墨烯在海水淡化领域的巨大潜力。

    ②氧化石墨烯是石墨烯的“孪生弟弟”。自2004年英国物理学家在实验室内用看似不可思议的“撕胶带”的方法，从大块石墨中剥离出科学家曾理论预言不可能稳定存在的单层石墨烯以来，石墨烯这一科学名词已变得家喻户晓。短短十几年，围绕石墨烯的各项研究发展迅猛，并展现出极其广阔的应用前景。

    ③石墨烯是“碳材料家族”中的一员，是由一个个碳原子在平面内按照六边形蜂窝状结构排列形成的一种层状材料。由于其厚度只有一个碳原子的大小，约为0.34纳米，相当于一根头发丝的二十万分之一。是人类迄今为止发现的最薄材料，石墨烯也被称作是一种二维材料。

    ④正是由于这种特殊的二维原子结构，石墨烯展现出了许多普通三维材料并不具备的奇异性质。单层石墨烯的透光率高达97.7%，肉眼看过去几乎是完全透明的。它有着绝佳的导热性，传热导能力是金刚石的两倍以上。石墨烯的机械强度极大，比钢铁还要强200倍。如果把1平方米的单层石墨烯做成一张吊床，区区0.34纳米的厚度便可以稳稳地承载一只猫。石墨烯还具有十分优良的电学性质，导电性比银和铜还强，载流子迁移率比碳纳米管和硅还高。

    ⑤基于石墨烯极其优异的物理特性，人们对它的应用寄予厚望。近十年的研究表明，石墨烯在基础研究、高频电子器件、柔性显示、电化学生物传感器、新能源电池、超级电容、航空航天等领域有着非凡的应用潜力，被誉为“黑金”和“新材料之王”。

    ⑥在众多潜在应用中，石墨烯净水技术不仅在原理上具备较高的可行性，在实验室也取得了许多重大突破。众所周知，活性炭作为一种常见的传统污水处理材料，内部有很多疏松的孔隙，具有很强的吸附能力。而石墨烯特殊的层状和孔状结构，使其吸附能力是活性炭的成百上千倍。在此基础上，科学家通过微观调控、修饰与改性，制造出许多种不同的具有超高效吸附特性的石墨烯基吸附材料，它们不仅能吸附超过自身质量数百倍的污染物，还可以循环使用，大大降低使用成本。可以说，石墨烯在污水处理和海水淡化方面提供了令人惊喜的全新解决方案。

    ⑦目前，中国石墨烯产业已被列入《“十三五”国家战略性新兴产业发展规划》和“中国制造2025”重点发展领域之一。我国石墨烯领域的研究水平在国际上具有很强的竞争力，包括石墨烯净水技术在内的一些技术突破正逐渐从实验室走向市场应用。我们相信，与石墨烯有关的新技术、新发明会在不远的将来走进人们的日常生活，给人类带来巨大福音。

（选自2018年3月28日《人民日报》，作者袁家浩，有改动）

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    We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

    To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

    As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones."The Living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kid's room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices-we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TV's with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

    So what's the solution(解决方案)?The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tables instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

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