按要求完成下列句子，每空一词。

阅读材料

材料一：它是世界上最早开始工业革命的也是最大的殖民侵略国家．到19世纪中期，它强迫中国政府开放通商口岸，还先后征服印度、马来西亚、文莱、阿富汗、缅甸等国家和地区．

材料二：第三次科技革命推动了国际经济格局变化．随着世界各国经济相互依存、联系的日益紧密，科学技术的竞争在国际经济竞争中的地位日益重要．中国应适应这一发展趋势，把握其中机会，在世界经济的舞台上发挥自己的优势．

材料三：当今世界除美国之外，欧盟、日本、俄罗斯、中国等多种政治力量不断发展壮大，它们在国际事务中发挥着重大的作用，成为牵制美国称霸世界的重要力量．

请回答：

下列物理量中，以科学家的名字“焦耳”作为单位的是（）

阅读下面这首诗，完成小题。
                                                                                                               春行即兴

                                                                                                                  李华
                                                                  宜阳城下草萋萋，涧水东流复向西。芳树无人花自落，春山一路鸟空啼。
（注：①写于安史之乱平息后不久。②宜阳城：唐代最大的行宫所在地。）

任务型阅读

    Have you taken a plane? Have you thought about the ways to survive(生存) in a plane crash(坠机)? Here are some tips for you. ____.

    ____ .The key to survive on planes is how quickly you can get out. So it's best to get seats as close as possible to a door. Or try to sit in the back of the plane because passengers in the back seats are safer than those in the front.

    ____ .First of all, read the safety information card and listen to the safety speech carefully. Every type of plane has different safety instructions. If you're sitting near a door, make sure you know how to open it if you need to. What's more, don't forget to keep your seat belt fastened(系牢) .

    ____.When there is a fire, breathing smoke in is one of the main causes of death. So cover your nose and mouth with a cloth to avoid it.

    ____.Don't be too nervous and try to keep a cool head all the time. Remember that even in the worst situation, you still have a chance to be safe.