材料一：徐梵澄先生有言，“十三、十四世纪的意大利文艺复兴运动，其实未尝‘复’出古代文化到什么地步”。但是，“它的光明，至少透过了它以前一千年”。文艺复兴……并不是对古典作品一本正经的拘礼模仿。……文艺复兴奠定了欧洲近代文明的新基础。

——摘编自《欧洲文明的文化内涵》

材料二：十六世纪以来，学者们运用着科学观察和数学推算，……开启了一场我们称之为科学的革命。其力量如此强大，促使知识分子用科学和理性的方法，而不是用传统的文化权威对道德、社会、政治思想进行了一次彻底的手术。

——摘自杰里˙本特利《新全球史》

材料三：……在宗教方面，主要口号是“砸烂可耻的东西”，即消灭宗教的狂热和不容异说。哲人们拒绝接受上帝支配世界并任意地决定人类的命运这种传统的信仰。……在政治方面，哲人们也有一个关键性的用语——“社会契约”。……契约就是人民之间的一个协议。统治权看做只是一种“代办权”，……

——【美】斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

下列物理量中，不属于矢量的是（　　）

翻译下列句子。

阅读理解

      It's Sunday afternoon. It's my son's eighth birthday tomorrow. I go into a cake shop to buy a big birthday cake for him.

      When I get there, the shop is full of people. When I am looking for a cake, I find a little boy watching the cakes for a long time. He is in poor clothes. At last he picks a cake. Then he gives money to the salesgirl and says to her, “I want the small cake.”

  “Sorry, the cake is 20 yuan, but you only pay 10 yuan.” says the salesgirl.

  “I …I have no more money.” says the little boy and he begins to cry. “Oh , my boy. Who would you like to buy the birthday cake for?” I ask.

 “My mom, madam.”

“Why doesn't she come and buy one?”

 “My father left us a few years ago,” the boy says. “we don't have money. My mother has to work from morning to night every day. She celebrates my birthday every year, but she never celebrates her birthday. It’s her birthday tomorrow. I want to buy a small cake for her. But I don’t have enough money…”

  “Oh, my boy! I’m your mother's friend,” I say. “I will buy her a nice birthday cake.”I give the money to the salesgirl and leave the shop.