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    石刻作为一种重要的文物形式,与陶瓷器、金属器、纸本类共同构成了我国历史文物的四大主干。从原始社会的古代崖刻,到周代的石鼓文;从秦始皇东巡刻石,再到汉唐、宋元、明清时期的碑碣、墓志、摩崖、塔铭……石刻文物涵盖了社会生活的方方面面,有歌功颂德、记人载事的赞、颂、记、志、铭等,有各种经典文集、杂咏、题名、地图、谱系、楹联、符咒、药方等,是中国文化的重要物质载体。

    从书体上看,石刻有古籀文、篆书、隶书、楷书、行书、草书等,特别是保存了大量各朝代的异体字,是研究中国文字发展史和书法史的重要资料。现存碑刻500余座、摩崖题刻800余处的泰山石刻,展示了中国书法艺术形变神异、一脉相承的发展脉络,珍存着秦朝《李斯碑》、汉代《张迁碑》、晋代《孙夫人碑》,以及北齐《金刚经》大字和唐朝《纪泰山铭》等一大批名碑。泰山石刻无年月和书刻者姓名可考,明孙克宏《古今石刻碑贴目》称“今考其笔法,与邹县北齐韦子琛刻经同出一手。”清聂剑光《泰山道里记》记载:“北齐武平时,梁父令王子椿好内典,尝于徂徕刻石经二,并勒诸佛名,字迹瑰异,与其如出一手。是经当亦子椿所作也。”1989年《书法》第二期载王恩礼、赖非撰《铁山(石颂)的初步考察与研究》认为,此刻与邹县铁山摩崖经刻在字径、书体、风格极为一致,由此断定为东岭僧安道壹所书。以上诸说皆无定论,察其笔势风格疑为北齐人书。

    石刻与藏之于秘府的典籍不同,它铭之于石,公之于众,记录、揭示的史实也较为可靠,可以作为订正古籍的有力证据和补充经史的珍贵资料,其价值不下于甲骨文之于商周史,敦煌汉简之于汉史。两汉今古文经学的争论一直为历朝尤其是清代学者所关注,并融入到近代古史辨的学潮中,衍化成古书真伪之争。由于无法一睹汉代文本之真,争论似永无结果。20世纪20年代,汉魏石经残石在洛阳的出土引起学界极大轰动,王国维、罗振玉、马衡等人相继对之展开研究,初步揭开了汉魏石经的真面貌。不仅让我们目睹今文经本原貌、今古文经本差异,并可由此窥探两汉经学的发展状况以及秦汉以前经本流传中的错讹。

    石刻还具有较高的艺术价值,石头和文字、书法、刻工相结合,成为中国在人类文明史上特有的文化景观。泰山石刻中,有粗犷急就的凿石,也有精雕细刻的龟碑;有岩石小节,也有万丈摩崖;有平民题迹,也有帝王御笔。小字如蝇,大字如斗,真草隶篆,代不绝书。或托物咏志,或题景留名,或赞其拔地通天之雄,或颂其幽奥旖旎之秀,自然之美融合于石刻艺术,石刻艺术又浑然于自然之景。

    石刻是一种载体特殊的文物,相对于其他文物而言,它体积大,质量重,难以移动,易于毁损,保存难度较大。秦泰山石刻是公元前219年,秦始皇东封泰山时所立,由中国小篆的创始人——秦丞相李斯篆书,石刻约有222字,记载了秦始皇统一中国的功德。然而这块无比珍贵的国宝,历经2200多年的天灾人祸,现在仅剩下九个半字了。

(节选自2016年10月10日《光明日报》,有删改)

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University Room Regulations

Approved and Prohibited Items

     The following items are approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players. Items that are not allowed in student rooms include: candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers. Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.

Access to Residential Rooms

     Students are provided with a combination (组合密码) for their room door locks upon check-in. Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone. The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others. The fee is $25 to change a room combination.

Cooking Policy

     Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen. Students must clean up after cooking. This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff. Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use. With the exception of using a small microwave oven (微波炉) to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.

Pet Policy

    No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms. Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are subject to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet. Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect. If, one week from the date of written notice, the pet is not removed, the student is referred to the Student Court.

Quiet Hours

     Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University. Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11:00 pm to 8:00 am Sunday through Thursday. Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1:00 am to 8:00 am. Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of $25.