走进土族文化

    ①土族是青海五个世居少数民族中的一员，目前人口有20多万，主要分布在青海省互助、民和等地。在长期的历史发展进程中，土族在服饰、歌舞等方面形成了内容绚丽多姿、形式丰富多样、特征异常鲜明的土族文化。

    ②土族服饰在色彩、式样、构图等方面独具特色，尤其是色彩最为明显。漫步于土乡，你会看到当地的土族青壮年妇女大多身着小领斜襟的长衫，两袖是用红、黄、绿、紫、蓝五色（红色象征太阳，黄色象征五谷，绿色象征春天与草原，蓝色象征天空）彩布做成，有的还加上黑与白，表示阴阳，就成为七色，彩虹故乡之说源于此；长衫上面套有黑色或紫红色的坎肩，腰系宽而长的彩带，带子的两头有各种刺绣盘线图案；下穿镶有白边的绯红色百褶裙，裤子膝下部分套有黑色或蓝色的“帖弯”（指裤筒），足穿绣花布鞋。

    ③土族歌舞形式多样、内容丰富，极具观察性、参与性。由此，欣赏土族歌舞便成了游客游览互助土乡的主要内容之一。土族歌舞中，数“安昭”“轮子秋”最具特色。

    ④“安昭”是土族人民在庆贺节日、举行婚礼以及迎接宾客等喜庆日子里所跳的一种舞蹈，是融歌、舞为一体的民间集体舞蹈形式。跳“安昭”舞一般是在土族自家院落、打麦场或是较开阔的广场进行，跳舞者男女不限（一般女性居多）、人数不限，少则十几人，多则几十人，跳舞者一律身着艳丽的节日盛装，围绕庭院中的花园或是广场中树立起的“轮子秋”载歌载舞。起舞时，男在前，女在后，围成大圆圈，由一位能歌善舞的“杜日勒”（领唱者）做领舞，领舞者唱前半句，众人紧跟其后边舞边和唱出后半句。唱词依据活动内容而定。

    ⑤“轮子秋”是土族人民展示自己能歌善舞、乐观豁达的民族持性，而在长期的生活与劳作中，逐渐创造出的一种用以强身健体、丰富劳动业余生活的惊险而刺激的大型娱乐性活动。表演“轮子秋”时，十几个男女后生，单手抓住钢管上端大铁盘上的绳索，在快速的旋转中，整个身体如凌空飞翔的燕子，还不时做出各种优美的动作。当然土族儿女也少不了用七彩布绸对用于“轮子秋”表演的器材进行艳丽的装饰，再次印证了这里不愧是“彩虹的故乡”。

    ⑥青海是“花儿”的故乡。生活在青海的每个民族都爱唱“花儿”，而且在演唱时都使用同一种语言——汉语，土族也不例外。“花儿”所反映内容很广，但绝大多数唱的是青年男女间纯洁而浪漫的爱情，所以很受青年人的喜欢，A在土乡，集中展示“花儿”魅力的时间是每年的农历六月初六，此时是一年中最美的季节，适宜的气候，明媚的阳光，金黄的油菜花，欢乐的人群，一切透着高原特有的勃勃生机，使人不由得想放开歌喉一展心中喜悦的心情。B在土族集中居住的地方，就有著名的互助“五峰寺花儿会”、民和“七里寺花儿会”等。届时，大家扶老携幼，穿上节日的服装，撑起美丽的花伞，带上一颗欢跳的心，从四面八方相聚到这风光灵秀、寺庙林立的山野，用“花儿”抒发着对美好生活的赞誉，表达着对未来日子的懂憬。C此时，人人是歌手，你方唱罢我来唱，我唱一句你来答。一时间，歌声此起彼伏，穿透心灵，震憾山川，悠悠的“花儿”曲、甜甜的欢笑声，和着山间的鸟语花香，点缀着土族阿姑的七彩服，汇成了土族等各民族狂欢的海洋。D

    ⑦在漫长的岁月中，土族文化既保留着本民族特有的内涵与特点，但又不放弃吸纳别的民族文化的精髓，所以发展至今，土族文化呈现着鲜明的多元化特点，也许这正是土族文化真正的价值所在。

随着经济的发展，能源与环境成为人们日益关注的问题．

（1）煤、天然气和石油常称为化石燃料．其中天然气的主要成分为____ （填名称）．

（2）化石燃料燃烧都会产生二氧化碳，它是空气中含量最多的温室气体．为控制二氧化碳的排放量，要充分利用和开发太阳能、核能及____ （填1种即可）等新能源．

（3）甲烷和水反应也可以制水煤气，其反应的微观示意图如下所示：

①该反应的化学方程式是____．

②下列对该反应的叙述正确的是　____ （填序号）．

a．反应前后分子个数不变

b．该反应中含氢元素的化合物有2种

c．反应前后各元素的化合价均不变

d．若有24g的A完全参加反应，则生成D的质量为9g．

阅读理解

    You may think that light pollution isn't something extraordinarily important. You may believe that every other type of pollution has a larger impact on the environment that light pollution does. But light pollution is serious.

    Light pollution, or “sky glow”, is the glow you can see at night above cities and towns. Light pollution is a problem that has been accompanying man ever since he started his first fire some 15,000 years ago. Light pollution is the light that comes from streetlights, buildings, parking lots and any other source of light that is reflected or directed into the atmosphere.

    Urban light pollution means that one-fifth of the world's population can no longer see the Milky Way(银河) with the naked eye(肉眼). Many city kids, even if they did look through the orange smog above their heads, would probably see only a handful of stars. We have lost our view of the stars, and we have mucked up our  night-time environment as well. Astronomers are calling for the dark places on Earth to be preserved as national parks.

    Lots of people find the ever-brightening night annoying, and animals that are programmed to prefer the dark may avoid a brightened habitat. Sea turtles can get lost searching for a beach to lay eggs, and their hatchlings(孵化的幼仔)may confuse over-lit beachfront resorts(度假胜地) for the ocean horizon, wasting precious energy needed to find the sea and escape predators(食肉动物). Because their necks aren't yet long enough to see things far away, baby turtles rely on the mirror image of the moon to guide them to the sea, to begin their new life. A car may even hit a particular turtle, which was thinking the light from a nearby city was moonlight reflecting off the ocean waves. Birds that live in and around cities can die because of sky glow, too. The bright lights can blind them, leading to countless collisions with buildings and other tall structures.

    On an individual level, people can help reduce much sky glow by using lighting only when necessary. The stars above us are priceless heritage— for not only for astronomers but for all humans. More of our children should be able to look up at night and see the Milk Way.