题干

   Some students, parents and teachers in Shanghai were surveyed last month. According to the result of the survey, the generation gap(代沟) between students and parents as well as teachers is becoming wider. Here is what they said.
Voice of the students:
   “Our parents hold too high expectations which put us under lots of pressure. They care too much about our lives and studies,” one student said.
   “It's impolite that some students’ parents read their children's diaries without permission!” one student said angrily.
   “Some of our teachers are so serious that we can't make friends with them at all,” another student said sadly.
Voice of the parents:
   One mother said, “After school, my daughter usually locks herself into her room and spends lots of time talking with others on the phone. And I can't stand her clothes and hairstyle!”
   “I thought my son was doing very well in his studies. I didn't realize I was being cheated by him until I got a call from his teacher,” said a father.
Voice of the teachers:
   An English teacher said, “Today, the role of the teacher is to put knowledge into students' brains. The power of teachers has kept students away from them.”
   “Some parents pay too much attention to their children's grades instead of creating a lively and colorful environment at home,” another teacher said.
   “In the past, teachers and students often played games together or talked with each other. Today, only studies and grades are talked about,” said a teacher. “A school should be a place where students can learn not only knowledge, but also how to face failure and frustration bravely enough.

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不可复制的魏晋风波

张宏杰

    魏晋士人纵性任情,饮酒啸歌,其风度一直被后人追慕——除却清淡一面。孙登布衣蔬食,绝人间事,“夏则编草为裳,冬则被发自覆”。阮籍“或闭门视书,累月不出,或登山水,经日忘归。博览群籍,尤好庄老,嗜酒能啸,善弹琴”。

    许多士人的纵情越礼达到怪诞骇俗的程度。历史上最有名的片段是刘伶“常乘鹿车,携一壶酒,使之荷锸而随之,谓曰:‘死便埋我。’”。阮修则“常步行,以百钱挂杖头,至酒店,便独酣饮”。阮籍“邻家妇,有美色,当垆酤酒。阮与王安丰常从妇饮酒,醉便眠其妇侧”。“邻家处子有才色,未嫁而卒,籍与无亲,生不相识,往哭尽哀而去”。这些都令后世读者心向往之而行不敢至。

    他们公然蔑视礼法。阮籍当众放言:“礼岂为我辈设也!”他在《大人先生传》中说出这样大逆不道之言:“无君而庶物定,无臣而万事理。”他们中的很多人视仕途为污秽之地,在权力面前表现出的傲慢令人吃惊:为拒做官,嵇康忍痛与山涛绝交;为拒权贵,阮籍曾一醉六十余日。《晋书·王羲之传》说,“王羲之既少年时期就有美誉,朝廷公卿皆爱其才器,频招他为侍中、吏部尚书,皆不就。”吏部尚书实在是不算低了,而且还是频招,可王羲之却“皆不就”,传统中国社会以功名利禄来衡量一个人的价值衡量体系在魏晋时代坍塌了。

    从这些言说、举动和故事中,我们能分明感受到春秋战国时代士人的傲视天地和独立不羁。如果说士族社会中的汉朝和唐朝更像贵族时代的西周,整饬有序,礼乐辉煌,文化雍容大度,那么魏晋就像贵族时代的春秋战国,是一个个性和才情能得以充分展示,因此极富创造力的时代。之所以如此,是因为魏晋时代的社会背景,与春秋战国时代高度相似。这个时代战争连绵,动乱不断,皇帝如同走马灯一样换来换去。

    与皇权的不稳定形成鲜明对照的,则是世家大族的稳定性。许多世家大族势力急剧膨胀,甚至发展到“百室合户、千丁共籍”的类似领主状态。许多士族富厚过于王侯。东晋士族庄园遍布江左,他们“势力倾于邦君,储积富乎公室,……僮仆成军,闭门成市,牛羊掩原隰,田池布千里,……金玉满堂,妓妾溢房。园林拟上林,馆第僭太极”。正如柳诒微所说:“魏晋以降,易君如举棋,帝国朝代之号如传舍然。……当时士大夫以地方绅士,操朝廷用人之权。于是朝代虽更,而社会之势力仍固定而不为动摇,岂惟可以激扬清浊,仰亦所以抵抗君权也。”因此世家大族对皇权形成强大的牵制,以至于出现“王与马共天下”的谚语。

    在这种情况下,铁桶一般的大一统政治秩序被打破了,许多旧门士人凭借门第资本,不再对权力俯首帖耳:“虽朝代推移,鼎迁物改,(世族们)犹昂然以门第自负。”一些门门第高贵的士人,甚至对门第不如他久远的皇帝抱一种隐隐的睥睨之态。面对政治权威,他们保持了一定的独立性,许多人甚至不屑于为皇帝服务。

(选自2013年2月下《杂文月刊》,有删改)