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    In today's Internet age, the demand for online games continues to grow. Online computer game centers exist in many cities and towns throughout Asia. Facing the pressures of school and life, people turn to the virtual world, expecting a diversion from these problems. Too often, however, they can lead to problems and unhealthy addictions.

    This is most clearly seen in the example of South Korea. The country has the world's highest percentage of high-speed Internet services. It also has a high number of online game players and related problems. In 2013, a young man collapsed and died while playing online games. He had been playing almost nonstop for 86 hours at an Internet cafe. Another young man killed his sister after becoming confused between the online world and real life. A 12-year-old boy stole US $ 16,000 from his father and ran away from home. He did this to continue his obsession with an online game. Such problems, however, don't just happen in South Korea. They are spreading to other parts of Asia, as well.

    What kinds of people develop online game addiction? What does the problem look like? Dr. SueHuei Chen, a clinical psychologist, researches Internet addiction. She discovered some signs of at-risk individuals such as lack friendships and good social skills. Those problem individuals feel it so compulsive to play online games that they could sacrifice things such as school or family. They feel the need to spend more and more time online. And they become upset if anyone tries to limit their online game playing.

    How many problem game players are there? In mainland China, the potential number of problem online gamers is alarming. In 2014, the China Daily reported that China had 13.8 million online game players. Furthermore, it stated that 80 percent of these were under 25 and had signs of addiction. Such numbers point toward a growing problem among Chinese youth.

Make sure to keep control over your online game playing. If you don't control it, it can get control of you.

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    文化雅俗观是在王纲解纽、政教分离、知识分子登上历史舞台的历史阶段发生的。虽然以自己的文化理想和文化人格为雅,体现了知识分子的文化理念和精英意识,反映了他们对现实的批判态度和改造现实的思想倾向,但是,这时的知识分子都仍然将自己的学术和社会政治紧紧联系在一起,都希望自己的学术成为改造社会政治的指导思想,甚至盼望有君主赏识他们,依靠他们来改良社会政治。在诸侯们尚无力控制社会力量、需要争取社会支持的情势下,知识分子大都能够“乐道而忘人之势”或“以道抗势”,体现出知识分子作为文化理想和社会精神的代表者所具有的人格力量。

    然而,一旦统治者们有了掌控社会的政治力量,有了规范社会的统一思想,那些希望借助政治力量改造社会的知识分子就不得不与统治者合作,为统治者服务,以实现自己的人生价值。《史记・李斯列传》记李斯赴秦前对他的老师荀子所说的一段话表明,他是抱着屈身事主、争取富贵的心态去见秦王的,这与孔子、孟子所主张的处世态度大相径庭,而和韩非主张的尊人主之势的思想是一致的,反映出战国末年知识分子的普遍心态。当国家需要统一,而统一需要政治权威的形势下,在主强臣弱、“势尊道卑”的社会环境中,知识分子要实现文化理想和自身价值,除了依赖于政治权威外也没有其他选择。于是,知识分子便从幻想中的“为王者师”蜕变为现实中的君王“言语侍从之臣”,文学不再是知识分子文化理念的崇高勋章,而是为天子“润色鸿业”的漂亮花环,精英文学不得不与贵族文学联姻,文化雅俗观也就与政治雅俗观合流了。

    如果说秦始皇的“焚书坑儒”是用铁血手段粉碎了知识分子坚持文化操守的痴情梦幻,那么,汉武帝的“独尊儒术”则用绥靖政策激发了知识分子为政治服务的巨大热情。作为“一代之文学”的汉大赋正是在大一统的政治语境和“劝百讽一”的文化期待中发展成熟起来的,或以抒下情而通讽谕,或以宣上德而尽忠孝。“雍容揄扬,著于后嗣,抑亦雅颂之亚也。”从大赋的创作来说,它是地道的精英文学;而从大赋的消费来说,它又是典型的贵族文学。实际上,它是精英文学与贵族文学的联姻,是知识分子在政治上依附于政治权力之后的文学新变。早期的汉大赋还多少保留有一点诗人的讽谕传统,而后期的汉大赋就只剩下“铺张扬厉”的华丽辞藻了。正所谓“诗人之赋丽以则,辞人之赋丽以淫”。随着汉代政治鼎盛时期的结束,汉大赋也逐渐式微,以致“少而好赋”的扬雄到晚年悔其少作,以为大赋乃“雕虫小技”,声言“壮夫不为”。

    汉大赋的衰微宣告了精英文学依附于贵族政治的破产,却为文学的私人化和情感化开辟了道路,抒情小赋的兴起和文人五言诗的诞生使文学的审美功能和娱乐功能得到加强,而以人格为基础的文化雅俗观便逐渐向以审美为核心的艺术雅俗观转变。

(摘编自王齐洲《雅俗观念的演进与文学形态的发展》)