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(一)外滩踩踏,除了追责还有什么重要

    上海外滩严重踩踏事故造成的震动贯穿了整个新年,它必将带动中国全社会的一系列反思。由于上海是中国最发达的城市,出事地点又是象征这座城市精华的窗口,这起事故对国人的触动十分强烈。

    一个人去上海外滩这个著名的景点欣赏夜景“有可能被踩死”,中国的城市管理尚无法完全排除这一不可思议的可能性,无论我们多么生气、愤怒,这个低概率事件在新年到来之前的深夜突然成为事实。

    回过头看,我们可以清楚地发现那个夜晚上海市有关当局工作的疏漏,如果它们因为制度原因或者临时性原因被侥幸堵上,或者现场群众对可能出事的警惕性早几分钟觉醒,那么悲剧就可能避免。

    这起特大事故必将导致追责,对此用不着怀疑。与此同时,我们还需要搞清楚事情发生的那些“必然原因”,不能简单以为惩罚种种“偶然性因素”背后的责任人就是在解决问题。

    我们相信,如今不仅上海,全国各地对安全问题都已给予了前所未有的重视。所有城市当局都知道如果发生恶性伤亡事故,将对官员们意味着什么。但严重事故还是不断发生,它们有着各自不尽相同的“偶然因素”。

    现在反思上海的那个晚上,只要在外滩采取增加警力、临时关闭地铁站等措施,就能控制住局面。但这种清晰只有往后看时才会有。往前看,我们仍将是迷惘的,下一个周末或节日,是不是该把所有人多的地方都加倍布置警力呢?除了上海,全国人多的地方是否都该采取加倍的临时措施呢?

    防患于未然比什么都重要,但预防不仅枯燥,而且昂贵,在不出事的时候,它未必能得到社会真实的支持。在上海踩踏之前要通过节日里正常的力量使用来排除掉那些致命的隐患,那么这个力量就需要有大幅增加。力量的增加会自动提升警惕性的密度和质量,当力量不足时,各种反思大多只能是“事后诸葛亮”。一个安全体系当然可以动员出非常态的警惕性,但社会安全取决于这个体系“松弛下来”的状态。

    我们都为上海外滩的踩踏事件震惊,但我们现在能相信未来这样的悲剧在中国永不发生吗?大概不能。我们愿意让中国的安全投入成倍增加吗?比如让上海、北京以及各地的警察数量都增加一倍以上,达到世界每10万人口拥有警察的平均数,还有全国各地普遍开展个人安全知识教育,所有旅游景点强制限制客流,更严格地执行防范火灾标准,火车汽车春运期间都严禁超员载客,等等,我们都很愿意吗?

这些全都要增加成本,我们当中的很多人大概会犹豫,甚至直接反对。而如果不做这一切,我们就是在“纵容”下一次重大事故的发生。

    常言说智者千虑终有一失,要避免公共安全的这一失,除了加大当局的责任心,中国社会提高安全成本是必由之路。客观而言,中国各地政府问题重重,但对安全的警觉和责任心这些年都大幅提高,相对做得还是不错的,上海更不能说是其中差的。要让社会公共安全上一个新台阶,就不能只在鞭策政府上打转,我们必须做得更多。  

(摘自2014年1月4日《环球时报》社评,有删节)

【事件回顾】

2014年12月31日23时35分许,很多游客和市民聚集在上海外滩迎接新年,因进入和退出的人流对冲,致人摔倒,发生踩踏事故,事故共造成36人死亡,49人受伤。

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    The famous director of a big and expensive movie planned to film a beautiful sunset over the ocean, so that the audiences could see his hero and heroine in front of it at the end of the film as they said goodbye to each other forever. He sent his camera crew out one evening to film the sunset for him.

    The next morning he said to the men, “Have you provided me with that sunset?”

    “No, sir,” the men answered.

    The director was angry. “Why not?”  he asked.

    “Well, sir,” one of the men answered, “we're on the east coast here, and the sun sets in the west. We can get you a sunrise over the sea, if necessary, but not a sunset.”

    “But I want a sunset!” the director shouted. “Go to the airport, take the next flight to the west coast, and get one.”

    But then a young secretary had an idea. “Why don't you photograph a sunrise,” she suggested, “and then play it backwards? Then it'll look like a sunset.”

    “That's a very good idea!” the director said. Then he turned to the camera crew and said, “Tomorrow morning I want you to get me a beautiful sunrise over the sea.”

    The camera crew went out early the next morning and filmed a bright sunrise over the beach in the middle of a beautiful bay. Then at nine o'clock they took it to the director. “Here it is, sir,” they said, and gave it to him. He was very pleased.

    They all went into the studio. “All right,” the director explained, “now our hero and heroine are going to say goodbye. Run the film backwards so that we can see the ‘sunset' behind them.”

    The “sunset” began, but after a quarter of a minute, the director suddenly put his face in his hands and shouted to the camera crew to stop.

    The birds in the film were flying backwards, and the waves on the sea were going away from the beach.