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        十年春,齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。其乡人曰: “肉食者谋之,又何间焉?”刿曰: “肉食者鄙,未能远谋。 ”乃入见。问: “何以战?”公曰: “衣食所安,弗敢专也,必以分人。 ”对曰:“小惠未徧,民弗从也。 ”公曰: “牺牲玉帛,弗敢加也,必以信。 ”对曰: “小信未孚,神弗福也。 ”公曰: “小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。 ”对曰: “忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。 ”                                                                            (节选自《曹刿论战》)

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Common public speaking problems

    The use of “I feel”, “I think” and “maybe”

    In the question-and-answer session of the speaking competition, many contestants began their answers with uncertain expressions like “I feel”, “I guess”, “I hear”, “maybe” and “perhaps”. These words show that the person is only speaking from his or her point of view____

    Work on keeping your answers brief and to the point____ Instead of the empty-sounding “I guess”, using facts, together with a clear conclusion based on those facts, is far more likely to be popular with an audience.

Using only one speaking style

    “Don't stick to the same tone____ For example, when they spoke about their dreams some sounded romatic. Others used humor. Very few used several different styles together. Try mixing more than one style, rather than just sticking with the same one.

    Irresponsible answers

    Public speaking is different from personal conversations. You're responsible for your words____So you should think twice before you talk. Don't belike the student who, when asked about his opinion on book piracy(盗版), started by saying he supported it.

    Talking around the topic rather than directly answering it

    You should focus on one point and give a clear solution. The key is to work out what question is being asked. Is it asking you to discuss a certain topic or to present your own point of view?

    Use one or two arguments together and give a strong conclusion____

A. It can be boring. Try to mix it up.

B. Also work on delivering them with calmness and confidence.

C. Even though you want to answer quickly, you don't want to sound foolish.

D. This lacks the support of facts and seems not to be reliable for the judges and audience.

E. Remember that judges are not judging you on whether they agree, but on your ability to say what you think clearly.

F. Confidence is extremely important in public speaking as it lets a speaker sound more convincing.

G. Deliberate gestures and affected(做作的)expressions of feelings are improper in a successful speech.