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雾

季羡林

    ①我从来没有喜欢过雾。

    ②抵达加德满都的第二天凌晨,我一起床,推开窗子:外面是大雾弥天。昨天下午我们从加德满都的大街上看到城北面崇山峻岭,层峦叠嶂,个个都戴着一顶顶的白帽子,这些都是古雪峰,在阳光下闪出了耀眼的银光。这是我生平第一次看到这种景象,我简直像小孩子一般地喜悦。现在大雾遮蔽了一切,连那些万古雪峰也隐没不见,一点影子也不给留下。旅馆后面的那几棵参天古树,在平常时候,高枝直刺入晴空,现在只留下淡淡的黑影,衬着白色的大雾,宛如一张中国古代的画。昨天抵达旅馆下车时,我看到一个尼泊尔妇女背着一筐红砖,倒在一大堆砖上。现在我看到一个男子,手里拿着一堆红红的东西,我以为他拿的也是红砖。但是当他走得近了一点时,我才发现那一堆红红的东西簌簌抖动,原来是一束束红色的鲜花。我不禁自己笑了起来。

    ③正当我失神落魄地自己暗笑的时候,忽然听到不知从哪里传来了咕咕的叫声。浓雾虽然遮蔽了形象,但是却遮蔽不住声音。我知道,这是鸽子的声音。当我倾耳细听时,又不知从哪里传来了阵阵的犬吠声。这都是我意想不到的情景。我万万没有想到,我在加德满都学会了喜欢的两种动物――鸽子和狗,竟同时都在浓雾中出现了。难道浓雾竟成了我在这个美丽的山城里学会欣赏的第三件东西吗?

    ④世界上,喜欢雾的人似乎是并不多的。英国伦敦的大雾是颇有一点名气的。有一些作家写散文、写小说来描绘伦敦的雾,我们读起来觉得韵味无穷。对于尼泊尔文学我所知甚少,我不知道,是否也有尼泊尔作家专门写加德满都的雾。但是,不管是在伦敦,还是在加德满都,明目张胆大声赞美浓雾的人,恐怕是不会多的,其中原因我不甚了了,我也没有那种闲情逸致去钻研探讨。我现在在这高山王国的首都来对浓雾大唱赞歌,也颇出自己的意料。过去我不但没有赞美过雾,而且也没有认真去观察过雾。我眼前是由赞美而达到观察,由观察而加深了赞美。雾能把一切东西:美的、丑的、可爱的、不可爱的,都给罩上一层或厚或薄的轻纱,让清楚的东西模糊起来,从而带来了另外一种美,一种在光天化日之下看不到的美,一种朦胧的美,一种模糊的美。

    ⑤一些时候以前,当我第一次听到模糊数学这个名词的时候,我曾说过几句怪话:数学比任何科学都更要求清晰,要求准确,怎么还能有什么模糊数学呢?后来我读了一些介绍文章,逐渐了解了模糊数学的内容。我一反从前的想法,觉得模糊数学真是一个了不起的发现。在人类社会中,在日常生活中,在社会科学和自然科学中,有着大量模糊的东西。无论如何也无法否认这些东西的模糊性。承认这个事实,对研究学术和制订政策等等都是有好处的。

    ⑥在大自然中怎样呢?在大自然中模糊不清的东西更多。连审美观念也不例外。有很多东西,在很多时候,朦胧模糊反而更显得美。月下观景,雾中看花,不是别有一番情趣在心头吗?在这里,观赏者有更多的自由,自己让自己的幻想插上翅膀,上天下地,纵横六合,神驰于无何有之乡,情注于自己制造的幻象之中;你想它是什么样子,它立刻就成了什么样子,比那些一清见底、纤毫不遗的东西要好得多,而且绝对一清见底、纤毫不遗的东西,在大自然中是根本不存在的。

    ⑦我的幻想飞腾,忽然想到了这一切。我自诧是神来之笔,我简直陶醉在这些幻象中了。这时窗外的雾仍然稠密厚重,它似乎了解了我的心情,感激我对它的赞扬。它无法说话,只是呈现出更加美妙更加神秘的面貌,弥漫于天地之间。

(选自《中华散文珍藏本从书·季羡林卷》,有删节)

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    BEIJING — China's education authority will tighten the widely criticized policy of “extra credits” for the national college entrance examination to ensure a fairer chance for all exam-takers.

    Under the policy, high school students who win awards in national Olympic competitions could get "extra credits', up to 20 points for the national college entrance exam. Students with talent in sports and students who are from ethnic groups can also benefit from this policy. The extra credits have increased these students' chances of being admitted by famous universities. Some parents were found to have helped their children fabricate(伪造)award experiences or falsify qualifications to get extra credits.

    “It has harmed education equality,” the ministry said.

    Xiong Bingqi, vice-chief of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, said the policy is designed to help students who have special talents but may be weak in academic performance to have a chance to receive higher education. It will still be needed but it is time to make the rules fairer," he said.

    The ministry said it will reduce the range of competitions whose winners can get extra credits, and limit the winners, privileges.

    The new policy will apply to students who begin high school in 2011, it said.

    Chen Lei, a mother of a 10-year-old girl, said she welcomed the ministry's policy adjustment as she does not want her daughter to become an Olympic competition geek.

    But not all the Chinese parents welcomed the new policy. “It is like a thunderbolt for me. My 13-year-old son has spent so much time studying Olympic math, and participated in so many technological competitions during vacations. It is useless now,” said Dong Wen, a 43-year-old mother.

    A student said, “Many students have changed the current study plan, and they can abandon the competition. I will be interested in learning the courses which can improve my abilities.”

    Yuan Guiren, minister of education, told China Daily that the reform is an attempt to consider the overall quality of an applicant. “But the country will not stop the national college entrance  examination as it is still the most objective way to evaluate talent in China,” he said.