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历史上重大改革回眸

材料一:明代与西北少数民族实行茶马互市制度。朱元璋洪武(1368~1398年)年间实行了金牌制度,使中央政府有效地控制了西北地区的茶马互市。在当时,金牌具有法律作用,任何个人是不允许染指茶马贸易的,民间贸易在严厉取缔之列:“私茶出境,与关隘不讥者,并论死”。明初的这种规定得到了严格执行,对舞弊走私者严惩不贷,即使对王公贵族也不例外。……巡茶御史刘良卿说:陕西地区设立三茶马司以收茶易马,“虽以供边军征战之用,实以系番夷归向之心”。

材料二:弘治三年(1490),明廷接受御史李鸾的建议,允许西宁、河州和临洮三茶马司招集商人运茶,只是规定每位商人运茶不得超过3000斤,而官府收缴其中的40%的实物,剩余部分则允许商人自由出售。这实际上是中央政府承认了民间民族贸易的合法性,茶马互市中的“民市”也就名正言顺地有了一席之地,对于政府来说也是有坐收其利之功效。明朝中叶以后,日益兴盛的民间茶马贸易,成为各族贸易往来的主流。

——以上材料均摘自《政府专卖制度及其漕运》

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       If you think that running marathons will help you live a long and healthy life, new research may come as a shock. According to a recent scientific study, people who do a very strenuous workout are as likely to die as people who do no exercise at all.

       Scientists in Denmark have been studying over 1,000 joggers and non­joggers for 12 years. The death rates from the sample group indicate that people who jog at a moderate pace two or three times a week for less than two and a half hours in total are least likely to die. The best speed to jog at was found to be about 5 miles per hour. The research suggests that people who jog more than three times a week or at higher speeds of over 7 mph die at the same rate as non­joggers. The scientists think that this is because strenuous exercise causes structural changes to the heart and arteries (动脉). Over time, this can cause serious injuries.

       Peter Schnohr, a researcher in Copenhagen, said, “If your goal is to decrease risk of death and improve life expectancy, jogging a few times a week at a moderate pace is a good strategy. Anything more is not just unnecessary, and it may be harmful.”

        The implications of this are that moderate forms of exercise such as tai chi, yoga and brisk walking may be better for us than“iron man” events, triathlons and long­distance running and cycling. According to Jacob Louis Marott, another researcher involved in the study, “You don't actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health. And perhaps you shouldn't actually do too much.”