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    叶适,字正则,温州永嘉人。擢淳熙五年进士第二人,授平江节度推官。丁母忧,改武昌军节度判官。除太常博士兼实录院检讨官。尝荐陈傅良等三十四人于丞相,后皆召用,时称得人,及孝宗不豫,群臣至号泣攀裾以请,光宗竟不往。未几,孝宗崩,光宗不能执丧。军士籍籍有语,变且不测。适告宰相留正曰:“上疾而不执丧,将何辞以谢天下?今嘉王长,若预建参决,则疑谤释矣。”宰执用其言,同入奏立嘉王为皇太子,光宗许之。俄得御批,有“历事岁久、念欲退闲”之语,正惧而去,人心愈摇。知枢密院赵汝愚忧危不知所出,适告知阁门事蔡必胜曰:“国事至此,子为近臣,庸坐视乎?”蔡许诺,与宣赞舍人傅昌朝 知内侍省关礼、知阁门事韩侂冑三人定计,适得之,即亟白汝愚。汝愚请必胜议事,遂遣胄因张宗尹、关礼以内禅议奏太皇太后,且请垂帘,许之,计遂定。翌日禪祭太皇太后临朝嘉王即皇帝位亲行祭礼百官班贺中外晏然汝愚既相,赏功将及适,适曰:“国危效忠,职也。适何功之有?”除权兵部侍郎,以父忧去。服除,召至,除权工部侍郎。时有劝侂胄立盖世功以固位者,侂胄然之,将启兵端。侂胄欲藉其草诏以动中外,改权吏部侍郎兼直学士院,以疾力辞兼职。会诏诸将四路出师,适又告侂胄宜先防江,不听,未几,诸军皆败。及金兵大入,适谓人心一搖,不可复制,遂上堡塢之议,初,淮民被兵惊散,日不自保。适遂于墟落数十里内,依山水险要为堡坞,使复业以守,春夏散耕,秋冬入堡,凡四十七处。又度沿地创三大堡,每堡以二千家为率,教之习射。无事则戍,以五百人一将。有警则增募新兵及抽摘诸州禁军二千人,并堡坞内居民,通为四千五百人,共相守戍,三堡就,流民渐归。嘉定十六年,卒,年七十四。赠光禄大夫,谥文定。

(节选自《宋史·叶适传》)

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    Nobody likes doing the dishes, but it turns out that doing this daily task might pay off in an unexpected way. According to a new study published in the Journal of Pediatrics, washing dishes by hand instead of using a dishwasher might prevent the development of allergies.

    Researchers in Sweden surveyed the parents of 1,029 children ages 7 and 8. They discovered that children whose families hand-washed the dishes instead of using a machine were less likely to have allergies.

    Earlier research has shown that dishes washed by machine are cleaner than those washed by hand. So why would kids who eat off slightly dirtier plates be better off when we talk about preventing allergies? One explanation is based on a theory known as the "hygiene hypothesis (卫生假说)," which says the reason why kids develop allergies is that their surroundings are actually too clean.

    Your immune (免疫) system keeps you healthy by fighting germs (病菌) like bacteria and viruses. But when you have allergies, it overreacts and tries to fight ordinary things like pollen (花粉) or certain foods.

    Being exposed to germs, particularly early in life, is good training for the immune system, says the lead author of the study, Dr. Bill Hesselmar of Queen Silvia Hospital in Sweden. "You excite the immune system in various ways and it becomes tolerant."

    This study shows that while using the dishwasher might be easier, the old-fashioned method of cleaning up could be better for your health.