题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料:人类历史发展为世界历史,经历了一个漫长的过程。这个过程包括两个方面:纵向发展和横向发展。纵向发展是指人类物质生产史上不同生产方式的演变和由此引起的不同社会形态的更迭。它们构成一个由低级到高级发展的纵向序列。横向发展是指历史由各地区间的相互闭塞到逐步开放,由彼此分散到逐步联系密切,终于发展成为整体的世界历史这一客观过程。

    在历史发展为世界历史的漫长过程中,纵向发展和横向发展并不是平行的、各自独立的。纵向发展制约着横向发展,纵向发展所达到的阶段和水平,规定着横向发展的规模和广度。横向发展一方面受纵向发展的制约,一方面又对纵向发展具有反作用。横向发展与一定阶段的纵向发展相适应,就往往能促进和深化纵向发展。

                                                —摘编自吴于廑《世界史·总序》

结合材料与所学知识,围绕“世界历史的纵向发展与横向发展”自行拟定一个具体的论题,并就所拟论题进行简要阐述(要求:明确写出所拟论题,简述须有史实依据)。

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论题:历史的横向发展促进了纵向发展

16,17世纪西欧国家的海上商业扩张和殖民活动,客观上推动了世界市场迅速拓展,世界各地区间交往进一步密切。而这种世界性的密切交往,为西欧国家提供了资本原始积累,带来了广阔的海外市场,促进了西欧国家的生产方式变革和社会转型。

可见历史的横向发展会促进纵向发展。

同类题5

任务型阅读

    Although many Chinese students say that their knowledge of English grammar is good, most would admit that their spoken English is poor. Whenever I speak to a Chinese student, they always say, “My spoken English is poor.”____

    I would like to suggest that there may be some reasons for their problems with spoken English.

    First, they fail to find suitable words to express themselves due to a limited vocabulary.

    ____However, you can speak with a limited vocabulary, if you choose a positive attitude. Others will follow you as long as you use the words that you know.

    ____

    Sometimes they make mistakes when they are speaking because they are shy and nervous. Yet students should remember that their goal should be FLUENCY NOT ACCURACY. Your aim in writing is to be accurate following the rules for grammar and using the right words and spelling them correctly. However, in speaking your aim is fluency. You want to get your message across, to talk to someone in English, as quickly and as well as you can, even though sometimes you may use a wrong word or tense , but it doesn't matter.____

    The third reason is that not enough attention is paid to listening . You have one mouth but two ears !All that hearing is necessary for you to start speaking .

    Fourth, most Chinese students are reactive rather than proactive language learners. Instead of actively seeking out opportunities to improve their spoken English they passively wait for speaking opportunities to come to them and wonder why their English always remains poor.____

A. The person you are speaking to will understand you and make allowances for nay mistakes he hears.

B. They may try to avoid making similar mistakes next time.

C. Obviously the better answer is to expand their vocabulary.

D. If you have this proactive outlook, then you will see English opportunities wherever you go.

E. However, their spoken English does not have to remain “poor”!

F. Second , they are afraid of making mistakes.

G. The second reason lies in the reluctance of using what has just been learned.