The Lifecycle of a T-shirt

    We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You'd probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.

    There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal. The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.

    Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.——these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.

    After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服) are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck…, all of which spill CO₂ into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO₂ emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.

    Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.

    The final stage of life is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.

    We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... It has a real impact on the planet.

    There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they're too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.

根据短文内容，判断正误。

    I have a good family. There are four people in my family. They are my father, my mother, my sister and I. My father is 40. He is a Chinese teacher. My mother is 38. She is an English teacher. They work in different schools. My sister's name is Li Fang. She is ten. We are in the same school, but in different grades. We have a nice picture of our family. It's on the wall. Look! Our father and mother are on the chair, and we two stand behind them.

阅读材料，完成下列要求。

材料一：在英国资产阶級革命的复辟时期，当时针对王位继承问题在议会内部产生了激烈的争论，形成了传统的两派，这就是后来的辉格党和托利党。此时的两大党“没有政党的组织和纲领，其内部也极不统一，只不过在某些方面达成一定共识”。光荣革命之后，议会的地位逐渐上升，两大党已露出现代政党的许多特征。在1832年议会改革中，两党为扩大在选民中的影响，最终突破了议会内部这个狭小的领域，成为深入社会的政治组织。两党为了拉拢选民实行更加贴近选民意愿的主张，两党阶级基础发生变化，成为现代政党。

______摘编自张赫《代议制的英国模式论析》

材料二：美国自南北战争结束至1932年，共和党占据绝对优势，成为“老大党”。从1932年到1968年，多为民主党执政。70年代以后，两大政党势均力敌，执政时间相差不大。美国历史 上也出现过不少的第三党，他们多次向两党制发起挑战均未成功。美国政党在组织形态上无“形”可塑。但“实际上，政党在美国政治生活中的作用是不可替代的，它们不仅操纵着选举，从中挑选自己的政治代言人，而且通过两大政党之间相互制衡维护着政治稳定”。当外患大于内忧之时，两党在国内外政策中基本保持一致与合作。

——摘编自禄德安《试析美国政党政治的特点及其对美国外交的作用与影响》