题干

“史实”“史论”“史识”是构成史学的三要素,在历史学习中经常运用。阅读下列材料:

著名历史学家漆侠先生曾指出:“在两宋统治的三百年中,我国经济、文化的发展,居于世界的最前列,是当时最为先进、最为文明的国家。”历史教授杨渭生先生也认为:“两宋三百二十年中,物质文明和精神文明所达到的高度,在中国整个封建社会历史时期内是座顶峰,在世界古代史上亦占领先地位。”世界著名经济史学家贡德弗兰克也认为:“11世纪和12世纪的宋代,中国无疑是世界上经济最先进的地区。自11世纪和12世纪的宋代以来,中国的经济在工业化、商业化、货币化和城市化方面远远超过世界其他地方。”

法国著名汉学家谢和耐曾说:“在社会生活、艺术、娱乐、制度、工艺技术诸领域,中国(宋朝)无疑是当时最先进的国家,它具有一切理由把世界上的其他地方仅仅看作蛮夷之邦。”日本宋史学家宫崎市定认定:“宋代是中国历史上最具魅力的时代。中国文明在开始时期比西亚落后得多,但是以后这种局面逐渐被扭转。到了宋代便超越西亚而居于世界最前列。然而由于宋代文明的刺激,欧洲文明向前发展了。”宋朝的文明深深的影响了世界。

请运用“史实”“史论”“史识”这三个要素对“宋代时的中国”的相关内容进行分析解答。

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史实:在工业化上,制瓷业发展,出现定窑、汝窑、官窑、哥窑、钧窑五大名窑;纺织业发展,棉纺织技术推广到闽粤等地区。在商业化上,宋代的市突破了原先空间和时间的限制,形成了繁荣的商业街;草市已经具备比较完备的饮食服务设施;海外商运发展迅速,海外贸易税成为国家财政收入的重要来源。在货币化上,北宋出现了世界上最早使用的纸币——交子。在城市化上,出现了汴京等商业大都会。

史论:11世纪和12世纪的宋代,中国无疑是世界上经济最先进的地区或中国(宋朝)无疑是当时最先进的国家等。

史识:根据宋

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阅读理解

    People can't see you when you're speaking on the phone,but they can hear you.So,the way you speak is especially important.In fact,researchers have calculated that 80% of communication over the phone is through your tone of voice; and only 20% is from the words you use.Here are our top tips on how to speak over the phone.

⒈Facial Expressions

    Your facial expression can influence your voice.For example,if you smile,your voice will sound warm and friendly,just the opposite,if you have an angry look on your face,it can make you sound unpleasant.

⒉Volume

    If you speak too loudly,you could sound angry.And if you speak too softly,it'll be difficult to hear you.So,speak loudly enough to be heard clearly,but not so loud that you're shouting.

⒊Pace

    The pace of your voice is how quickly you speak.And this can show how you feel.For example,an angry person might speak faster than normal.Or a downhearted person might speak very slowly.Try speaking a little more slowly than normal.This will make you sound confident,and it'll make it easier for the other person to understand you.

⒋Gestures

    Gesturing can influence the tone of your voice.When you gesture,you bring more air into the lungs,which can make your voice sound warmer.Gestures are also useful to help you stress the right words or even find the words you need.The best thing about gesturing during a phone call is that no one can see what you're doing,so you can gesture as wildly as you like!

⒌Movement

    If you're feeling nervous,stand up and move around.It will reduce the nervousness in your body and help your voice to sound more confident.

⒍Pauses (停顿)

    Using pauses every now and then can help you to slow down.This will make you sound more confident and in control.Also,if you pause after giving some new information,it'll give the other person time to understand it.At the same time,listen to how the other person uses pauses.They could tell you something about the speaker's feeling.For example,when a speaker is really angry,he might use pauses and says,"I…am…so…angry…"