题干

阅读下列材料:

材料一:在20世纪中,1917年是至关重要的一年。就在这一年,两个欧洲以外的大国——苏联和美国——踏进历史的主流,宣告两个对立世界的意识形态出现。……严格意义上的冷战,从1917年就已经开始,然而只是在1945年以后,人们才感到……1945年后,苏联仍是一个地区性强国,“安全”对其而言意味着它的边界上都是一些"友好的”邻国。而美国是一个全球性的经济大国,“安全”对其而言则意味着一个金钱、货物和人才都能自由交换的开放的世界

——(英)约輪•W•梅森《冷战》

材料二:20世纪五六十年代,冷战向深度和广度扩展_北约的成员国由原来的12个增加到15个,苏联把东欧国家组织起来,建立了华沙条约组织。在争夺势力范围和影响的斗争中,爆发了朝鲜战争和越南战争、古巴导弹危机……冷战开始初期,美国就颁布法令和法规,严格控制对苏联和其他社会主义国家的出口贸易。美国颁布了一系列反共、防共的法律和法令。苏联搞阶级斗争扩大化,冤假错案时有发生

——刘金质《冷战史》

材料三:亨廷顿明确指出,冷战结束后,他要寻找一种新的范式去取代已经过时的冷战范式,认为主导人类引发冲突的根源不再是政治因素或经济因素,而将是文化上的差异,是不同文明之间的矛盾。亨廷顿文明观的政治倾向十分明显,这从他向美国政府提出的建议中就可一览无余:限制儒教国家和伊斯兰国家扩大军事力量……现实地缘政治表明:文明并不是一个有效的单位,国家仍然是划分世界的基本尺度。正像冷战时期的世界并未以意识形态的阵营为基本政治单位那样。

——方永刚、唐复全(大国逐鹿•新地缘政治》

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    You may think, salt is just a simple cooking element we shake on our food for a little extra taste. But salt is much more than that. Without salt our muscles would not move. Our nervous systems would not operate. Our hearts would not beat.

    But do not think rubbing salt in a wound will help. Doing that would be painful and not heal the wound. To rub salt in a wound is an idiom that means to purposefully make a bad situation worse.

    Early humans got the salt they needed to stay alive from the animals they killed. But advances in agriculture led to a diet low in salt. So, humans needed to find other sources. Those who lived near the ocean or other natural sources for salt were lucky. Those who did not had to trade for salt. In fact, people used salt as a method of payment in many parts of the ancient world. The word “salary” comes from the word “salt”.

    Salt also played an important part in population movement and world exploration. Explorers understood that if they could keep food fresh, they could travel longer distances. So they used salt to preserve food and explored the world.

    Salt was so important that, according to food historians, it was traded pound-for- pound for gold. Today, people still use the expressions “to be worth one's salt” or “worth one's weight in salt”. The expressions describe a person of value.

    A person might also be called “salt of the earth”. That description means he or she is dependable and trustworthy. However, when you say “I think we should take what he said with a grain of salt” you mean you accept it but maintain a degree of doubt about its truth.