用化学用语表示：
（1）2个氧原子____ 
（2）二氧化碳分子____；
（3）氯化铜溶液中所含的离子____ 
（4）写出氧化铝的化学式并标出各元素的化合价____。

长亭古韵

       ①游览名山大川和名胜古迹时，时常与亭不期而遇，在游赏之余，我们还可以走进亭中，坐下来切身体味一番亭给我们带来的古典韵律之美。

       ②亭最初并不是指建筑，而是指一种行政建制。秦汉制度规定，十里一亭，十亭为一乡。《汉书·百官公卿表》上说：“大率十里一亭，亭有长。十亭一乡。”其作用是管理治安、诉讼等事务。汉高祖刘邦就做过“泗水亭长”。另外，在边境上，还有一种“亭候”，是负责监视敌情的。关羽就被封为“汉寿亭侯”。我们现在耳熟能详的专指建筑的亭子是后起之义，比如北宋欧阳修《醉翁亭记》中“有亭翼然于泉上者”中的亭。但是，亭子专指建筑究竟始于何时，已经无法确考，至少在东晋时，已经有这样的亭子出现。《世说新语·言语》记载：“过江诸人，每至美日，辄相邀新亭，藉卉饮宴。”这里的“新亭”即是“亭子”的意思了。更为著名的东晋大书法家王羲之的那篇《兰亭集序》中提到的“兰亭”，亦此类也。《园冶·屋宇》说：“《释名》云：‘亭者，停也。’所以停憩游行也。”意思是，亭的主要功用是供人停留、休息的。但是随着时代的发展，这一主要功能又有很大的延伸，概括起来大体上有这样几种：游赏、休憩、宴集和送行等。

       ③我国有许多名亭，绝大多数都有一个非常美好的名字。这些不同凡响的名字，反过来又为本已很有名的亭子增添了光彩。这些名亭的名字大体上可分为四种“风格”。一是对亭周围景物的高度概括或写实。比如苏州拙政园的四面荷风亭、塔影亭。苏州虎丘的三泉亭，避暑山庄的北枕双峰亭、曲水荷香亭等。二是亭名表达了亭的建造者或主人的情趣、志向等。比如沧浪亭，取《楚辞》中“沧浪之水清兮，可以灌吾缨；沧浪之水浊兮，可以濯吾足”之意。湖南岳麓山的爱晚亭，则取自晚唐大诗人杜牧的名句：“停车坐爱枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花”。山西晋祠的不系亭，取《庄子》中“饱食而邀游，泛若不系之舟”之意。三是亭名的风格是写意式的，它们用抽象的字眼表现某种意境。比如北京颐和园的知春亭，山西晋祠的真趣亭，北京北海的意远亭等等。四是亭名中隐含着一段历史掌故。比如，浙江诸暨浦阳江边堤岸上有一座浣溪亭，亭中有一对联云：“浣纱存古迹，救国出真人。”一望而知是纪念春秋时越国大美人西施的。

       ④与其他传统建筑相比，亭的最大不同之处就是“虚”。亭不依赖墙，只靠亭柱的支撑（也有少数依墙而建的半亭），此种自由独立的审美特点，中空不倚的视觉效果，最大程度地体现了“空”与“无”的作用，与老子“当其无，有室之用”的思想相符。以老子为代表的道家哲学追求清静无为，即要尽量涤除尘世的搅扰烦恼，向大自然无限地贴近，而亭的建造地点和所用材料的随意灵活、用料简省、形式多变，同样体现了道家的精神特质。不论是皇家园林中富丽堂皇的亭，还是私家园林中和山间、水上、路边的亭，其基本的建筑风格都是简与虚，而后者更代表了一种民间的、率性的、清简的人生观和价值观。

       ⑤总之，亭是我国一种司空见惯的建筑，它在传统中国人的生活中扮演着重要的角色，与中国的历史文化有着千丝万缕的联系。即便今天，虽然亭在社会生活中的实际功用已经基本丧失，但它们的美丽身影依然没有淡出我们的视野，在山水的胜处，在古典园林的深处，静静地散发着独有的魅力。

B

    Have you ever wondered why the roots of the plants always know which way to grow—into the soil but not above it? Some British scientists have recently solved this mystery.    

      It turns out that roots have special hairs that tie them into the soil and help them grow their way past obstacles, a team at the John Inners Center in Norwich reports in the February 29 issue of Journal Science.

    "The key is in the fuzzy(有绒毛的) coat of hairs on the roots of plants," says professor Liam Dolan. "We have found a growth control system that enables these hairs to find their way and to become longer when their path is clear."

    Root hairs explore the soil in much the same way a person would feel their way in the dark. If they come across an obstacle, they make their way around until they can continue growing in an opening. I the meantime, the plant is held in place as the hairs grip the soil.

    The hairs are guided by a clever chemical trick. A protein(蛋白质) at the tip of the root hairs called RHD2 helps them to take calcium(钙) from the soil. Calcium makes the hairs grow, and produce more RHD2, and take more calcium.

    But when an obstacle blocks the hair's path, or the hair reaches the surface of the soil, the cycle is broken and growth starts in another direction.

    This system gives plants the flexibility to explore a complex environment and to live in even the most unpromising soils, says Dolan.

    In poor soils such as in parts of Australia and Africa, native plants have adapted by producing enormous numbers of root hairs. A better understanding of this adaptation will allow scientists to develop hairy rooted crops that can grow in unfriendly environments.

    According to Dolan, "Research in the John Inners Center is taking a breeding approach(育种方法) to increase hair length in wheat but it will be some time before new cultivars(栽培变种) are developed."