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    宋代童蒙教育与前朝相比,最明显的特征是突破了门阀士族严格的等级制度,呈现出大众化的趋势。其原因主要在于:宋代土地私有制的进一步强化,促进了庶族地主阶级与小农经济主体地位的确立,为宋代童蒙教育的大众化趋势的形成,奠定了广泛的社会阶级基础;宋代最高统治者提倡的兴文教,用文人,改革科举制度,为宋代童蒙教育大众化趋势的形成,开辟了现实途径。

    宋代童蒙教育对象,除了赵宋宗室子孙和一般官僚地主家庭的子弟以外,相当一部分是出身于平民的农家子弟。此外,历来位居四民之末的商人也非常重视对其子弟的教育‚农工商各教子读书成为宋代社会的一道独特风景。

    宋代社会结构的变化,尤其是商品经济的发展,促使童蒙教育目的多元化趋向的形成。宋代童蒙教育除了以理学为核心的道德教化目的进一步彰显,以及为科举之预备目的进一步强化以外,童蒙教育为生计和职业准备的目的初步显现。由于科举考试竞争十分激烈,能及第者毕竟是少数,当人数众多的农工商子弟的科举之梦在屡试屡败中破灭时,其读书目的往往也随之发生变化。袁采在《袁氏家训》中明确指出:“如不能为儒,则巫医、僧道、农圃、商贾、伎术,凡可以养生而不至于辱先者,皆可为也。”

    宋代社会政治、经济结构的变化,促使童蒙教育重心下移至民间,童蒙教育出现了事实上的双轨制,即一是包括专为皇室、贵族子弟设立的官学教育系统,二是包括专门为广大中下层知识分子和普通百姓子弟设立的私塾、义学、家塾以及其他民间教化形式在内的私学教育系统。私学教育系统中接受教育的主要是人数众多的田夫牧子和工商小民,他们的天职‚无非辟土植谷‚作巧成器‚通财鬻货,因此,他们所读之书系杂字、《百家姓》之类。广大中下层平民及其子弟在常读熟记中了解五谷杂粮、农什器具、日用家什以及生产、生活方面的基本技能,进而达到上账不难等基本技能的掌握的目的。

    此外,宋代许多著名学者如朱熹、吕祖谦等,在重视伦理道德教育的同时,也重视对蒙童进行一些自然、科学常识的教育,以培养博学、广闻的儿童。在这一思想指导下,宋代童蒙教育内容中不仅有“云维何兴,以水之生。雨维何降,以云之蒸”等自然常识,也出现了以欧阳修的《州名急就章》、方逢辰的《名物蒙求》等为代表的专讲名物制度、自然常识及科技知识的童蒙教材。

    宋代童蒙教育凭借其大众化的特点,不仅促进了整个宋代社会文化的相对普及和下层民众文化素质的普遍提高,而且在一定程度上促使上层精英文化向下层大众文化的传播和转变,对维护封建宗法社会的稳固和延续封建统治发挥了独有的文化效应。同时,宋代童蒙教育的大众化,也开启了中国封建社会后期童蒙教育社会化普及化发展的先河。

(摘编自郭娅《试论宋代童蒙教育的大众化》)

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    An village had a1tradition. At the beginning of every year, any boy who had reached the age of majority(the state of legally being an adult) was given land and money to build a home. The boy had to 2 his home before winter. If this home failed to endure the cold weather in winter, the villagers could not 3him in any way.

    On 4 Paul and Marc reached their majority. They 5 theri land and money and decided to search nearby villages for ideas on building their homes. In each village, they found the nicest 6and talked to the owners. Each owner gladly offered 7 .

    After Marc saw several homes, he  8the best ideas and went back to his own land. Paul,  9, continued collecting more ideas. Soon he had so many great ideas that he began to 10 some of them. And he always believed he could find even better ideas in the next village.

    Marc began building his home. He had several 11 starts, but his home gradually rose from his land. By fall, Marc had finished his home. It wasn't perfect, but it was strong and he could 12 it later. Paul enjoyed all the beautiful homes and 13 with home owners. The first snow came and Paul, realizing he was running out of time.14back to his land. He built the best home he could in the time he had, but it was 15. The first winter storm destroyed his home and he froze to16 . The villagers mourned for him.Marc  17 the winter. Each year, Marc searched for other good ideas he could use to make his own home look better. He became a leader in the village,18a family, and lived a happy and content life.

    We all build and improve our own mental homes. It's  19 and fun for us to search for ideas from other mental home owners ,but we only improve our own mental home if we actually 20 the best ideas.