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商品环保性的终极评价

    一听汽水、一瓶洗发液的“可持续度”有多高?越来越多的消费者会根据这个问题的答案来决定买还是不买。然而,要找到一个综合的评测指标,把地球上所有商品在制造过程中的各种不利影响都囊括其中,恐怕不是一件易事。“可持续指数”评分体系,会分别对供应链中的不同阶段或产生的不同效应(比如产生的废弃物和排放的二氧化碳)打分,而且不同的组织和团体会使用不同的衡量标准。因此,这个评分体系的问题不是信息量太少,而是太多。

    如果评判环境和社会代价的衡量标准只有一种,那么给产品打分就会简单得多——可持续发展联盟就是这么想的。这个联盟的成员包括10所顶尖高校、多个大型非营利组织和80家跨国公司,它们都达成了一致,希望创立一个能涵盖整个供应链的通用指标。可持续发展联盟最近发布了一个指标体系,联盟成员将根据这些指标衡量首批100种产品,这些产品五花八门,从午餐麦片、洗涤剂到电视机都有所涉及。

    沃尔玛的可持续发展部主任杰夫·莱斯是建立通用标准的支持者,他认为,在供应链中的可持续性措施不仅能让环境变得整洁,还能降低清理垃圾所耗费的成本——比如说,垃圾少了,就没必要花大价钱把它们拖走。沃尔玛已经开始将可持续标准编制成“评分卡”,并把这种卡片分发给旗下约400家收购商,这些收购商一直是从零售商手中进货的,作为买家的大小收购商,可能会为了降低商业行为的环境效应,而对产品供应商有所动作;产品供应商的行为又会影响收购商的年度业绩总结。同样身为联盟成员的戴尔公司已经对LCD屏幕制造商下达了指示,要求他们在生产屏幕时设法降低全氟烷烃这种强效温室气体的排放。联盟提供的数据“让我们可以有的放矢”,戴尔环境事务部主任斯科特·奥康奈尔说。

    联盟认为,这个指标最终会取代其他评分体系。现在,美国的消费者走进一家杂货店后,只要掏出手机扫描洗发液上的条形码,就能读取GoodGuide网站评测的可持续性分数了。但是GoodGuide的导购只是根据公开信息做出的,而联盟评分所依照的数据,比如废气、垃圾、劳动力、水资源的使用和其他敏感信息则不易得到,只有大型商业集团对供应商施压才能拿到。因为这些数据,通用指标比其他指标更全面些。像沃尔玛、百思买和戴尔这类商业巨鳄每年从供应商处进货时,都手握着千亿美元的资金。“就凭这一点,可持续性也会比此前的任何理念更主流。”莱斯说道。然而消费者要想自己接触到指标所依赖的数据,恐怕还得等上个三年五载。可持续联盟的领导者承诺,这些数据会对消费者公开,但他们还没想好怎么公开。与此同时,指标的存在可以激发创新。比如美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的研究人员就为联盟编撰了一部白皮书,评估了笔记本电脑中用生物基材料代替塑料的好处。

(选自《环球科学》2013年第1期)

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    Ebola is a dangerous virus that can cause people to get very sick and even die. The virus is causing the biggest problems in western Africa, where it has spread quickly.____But it can get worse and cause life-threatening symptoms (症状), such as bleeding and trouble breathing.

____

    Ebola does not spread like colds or the flu because it does not float through the air. Ebola also doesn't spread through food or water, like some other viruses. Instead, Ebola spreads when someone touches the body fluids(液体) of a sick person.

____

    An outbreak is when many people are getting sick with the same illness around the same time. You may have heard of a flu outbreak, which is when lots of people get sick from the same types of flu virus. When an outbreak happens because of a virus, more people could get sick because there is a lot of that virus around.

    Where did Ebola come from?

Scientists aren't sure how the first person gets Ebola at the start. ____ Tropical animals in Africa believed to carry the virus include great apes, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, fruit bats, porcupines, and forest antelopes.

    What do kids need to do about Ebola?

    Ebola is making many people sick in Africa, but no matter where you live, it's always a good idea to wash your hands well and often. ____

A. What is an outbreak?

B. How do people catch Ebola?

C. Why do I need to wash my hands?

D. It's very important that infected people get treatment right away.

E. Ebola symptoms can start with fever and headache, kind of like the flu.

F. But they think that people may pick up the virus by touching or eating infected animals.

G. Keeping hands clean can help protect you from common illnesses like colds and the flu.