题干

【历史上重大改革回眸】

商鞅变法立足国情,顺应时势,对秦国以至中国历史的发展都产生了重要影响。阅读下列材料:

材料一:分封贵族之采地渐次取消,则直属国家之耕地渐次扩大,於是以前贵族圈地分区小规模的井地,不得不解放为整块的农田。……视其田亩之实收而抽收额定之比率。……於是民田得自由买卖,而土地所有权,无形中转移,成为耕者所自有,而兼并亦随之而起。

——钱穆《国史大纲》

材料二:然列国环伺,时相侵凌,非有富强之国力,则亦无以自存。商子曰:“国之所以重,主之所以尊者力也。”……务力之方在使民致身于农战之二事,而此外与二者无益或有害者皆在抑止之列。……几乎欲举一国之学术文化而摧毁扫荡之,使政治社会成为一斯巴达之战斗团体,此则其独到之见解,亘千古而鲜匹者也。

——萧公权《中国政治思想史》

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