题干

危机意识是一个民族不断进取的基本素养。据所学知识回答问题。
(1)19世纪中叶,俄国和日本国内都出现了危机。面对危机,俄、日都采取了回应措施。阅读下列选自《全球通史》的材料:
材料一:由于这些情况相结合,亚历山大二能在1861年3月1日颁布……法令。……这是俄国历史上的一个重大转折点。
材料二:日本新领导人……并不对西方文明本身感到兴趣,而仅仅对其中增加了民族力量的那些组成成分感兴趣。……他们提出了一个非凡的改革方案,宗旨在于建立一个强大的日本,而不是完全模仿西方国家。
请回答:
材料一说的是哪个“法令”?为什么说它的实施是“俄国历史上的一个重大转折点”?
②据材料二,概括日本向西方学习的特点;举出“日本新领导人”在经济、社会生活上学习西方文明的举措(各一例);简述这些举措在解决民族危机方面的重大作用是什么?
③上述措施表明了俄国和日本解决危机的共同方式是什么?
(2)同一时期的美国面临着怎样的危机?最终使用什么方式解决的?
(3)以上问题涉及到的俄、美、日三个国家的革命或改革都是为了适应怎样的历史发展需要?

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

(1)①废除农奴制法令;俄国走上资本主义发展道路。②有选择的向西方学习。殖产兴业(发展近代工业);提倡“文明开化”。摆脱了沦为殖民地和半殖民地危机。③改革。
(2)国家分裂或黑人奴隶制度阻碍了美国资本主义的发展 。
美国内战
(3)工业革命的展开。

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    Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland, the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness. For Dutch people, Hilversum is all about textile (纺织) and media industries, and modern architecture.

    In history, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wool production. A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum. They build themselves large villas (别墅) in the wooded surroundings of the town. One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands. They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum. But the textile boom lasted only several decades. The last factory closed in the 1960s.

    The change to a media economy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintoestedllen Fabriek (NSF) established a radio factory in Hiversum. Most radio stations called in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town. Television gave another push to the local economy. Hilversum became the media capital of the Netherlands, and Dutch televison stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.

    In the early 1900s, modern architcts W.M. Dudok and J. Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These modern architectural masterpieces (杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum. Dudok alone shaped most 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings in 1928-1931. It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks. The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”. Actually, one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W.M. Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.