题干

    "Can I see my baby?" the happy new mother asked. When the baby was lying in her arms and she moved the cloth to look upon his tiny face, she gasped(吃力地喘着气). The doctor turned quickly and looked out of the hospital window. The baby had been born without ears. Luckily, time proved that the baby's hearing was perfect. Though the misfortune(不幸)happened to him, he grew into a handsome boy. Yet he felt ashamed when he communicated with others.
    "You should get in touch with other young people," his mother told him, with a kindness in her heart. The boy's father talked with the family doctor about his ears. "Could nothing be done?"the father asked. "I believe I could give him a pair of outer ears, if they could be got," the doctor replied.
    Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, "You are going to the hospital, Son. Mother and I have someone who will donate the ears you need, but it's a secret."The operation is a big success. Later he married and entered the diplomatic(外交的) service. One day, he asked his father, "Who gave the ears? Who gave me so much? I could never do enough for him or her."
    "You could, my son," said the father, "but the agreement was that you are not to know…not yet."
    The years kept their secret, but one of the darkest days did come. He stood with his father over his mother's casket(棺材). Slowly, the father stretched forth(伸出) a hand and raised the thick, reddish brown hair to reveal the mother had no outer ears.
    "Mother said she was glad she never let her hair be cut," his father whispered gently, "and nobody ever thought mother less beautiful, did they?"

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戌:早期王权的象征

    王者,一国之主。其形三横一竖,为何这样的构形?汉字早期在表达这个王字时,以器具“戉”的象形来指代“王”,表明了“戉”即“王”的含义。不过这个原初的字义,似乎很快就被淡忘了。两周到西汉时期对“王”字的解释,臆断成分很重。孔子曰:‘一贯三为王’。”董仲舒曰:“三画而连其中谓之王。”孔子和董仲舒都没有将这个字解释准确。

    甲骨文的发现,为推定“王”字的本初意义提供了证据。文史学家吴其昌说,戊、戉、戍、成、咸诸字皆由石斧的形状演化而来,其锋刃左右旁向者衍为上述各字,其锋刃向下时则衍为工、士、壬、王诸字。这个斧头的形状,居然造就了如此多的字形,斧头的方向判定了字的意义,让我们见识了古人造字的意趣。考古学家林沄有专文《说王》,论“王”字本像无柄且刃缘向下的斧钺之形,本表示军事统率权,后来这军事统率权的象征演变为王的权杖。

    戉( )的象形,是王字定形的基础,这已经成为古文字学家的共识。历史学家徐中舒也说戉的写法,“像刃部下向之斧形,以主刑杀之斧钺象征王者之权威”。甲骨文存在的商代,钺已经是青铜质,而戉字的出现却是更早时代的事,良渚文化陶器上的刻画就是证据。良渚文化玉戉的背后,也许已经有了王权的定义吧。

    戉这个字,可以给相关的字形字义更多的提示。有研究者论“辛”,说最早的甲骨文“辛”,是一把执行最严厉刑法的割人肉用的锋利小刀,三面有刃,字的下尖或左偏或右偏,表示刀锋歪斜,类似雕刻刀。这样解释其实并不到位,“辛”( )的字形其实是一柄刃部向上的戉,下面那个尖尖其实是柄,刃在上方,那些学者显然是将它认倒了。

    再看看带有“辛”字根的“辟”( ),甲骨文写成用戉砍掉了一个人的头的样子,所以这是一种极重的刑罚,砍头,古代谓之“大辟”。王是下达或者执行“大辟”的主体,所以王又有了“辟”这样奇怪的代称,这与用戉代称王的意义是一样的。《诗经》中有辟王,如《大雅·棫朴》有“济济辟王,左右趣之。济济辟王,左右奉璋”,这里说的“辟王”,就是周天子。汉代贾谊《新书·审微》说到这样一个故事:卫侯要朝见于周天子,掌管接见事务的周行人问他的名号,说是叫“卫侯辟疆”。周行人郑重地对卫侯说,辟为天子之号,诸侯是用不得的。卫侯不得已临时更改了自己的名字,如此天子才接受了他的朝见。

    古人将天子、辟、璧相提并论。辟之名,可以是天子,也可以就是璧。金文璧( )字恰恰是借用了辟字的字形,借形亦借义,只是在字下加了个“玉”。璧是献给天子的,璧因此有了天子的称名“辟”。璧是由辟而来,辟即为戉。在红山文化、大汶口文化和良渚文化中,都发现过璧形戉,也许透露出了一个信息:璧与戉之间本来是可以画等号的,都是王权的体现。