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Only a Ribbon

    In one of the London hospitals,a short time ago,there was a young doctor. He noticed one of the patients,a ten-year-old poor girl called Katie,who had a very painful illness.

    Katie lay in her bed,day after day,with nothing to help her forget her pain and cheer up. One day the doctor noticed her trying to make a doll of her finger, and speaking to it. But she was soon tired of it,and lay back into her bed.

    That afternoon,the young doctor saw a beautiful ribbon in a shop window. He thought that it might help cheer the little girl up,so he went in and bought it for her. When he handed the ribbon to the girl,she was too surprised to speak. There were tears in her eyes. This little gift made her feel rich and happy.

    The nurse later told the doctor that the girl played with the ribbon all day long. She twisted(盘绕)it round her head. She held it in her hand while she slept.

    Some weeks later,Katie's illness became worse,and it was necessary to perform a dangerous operation. When Katie was brought into the operation mom,she cried out for the young doctor. He was brought,and he held one of the girl's hands,while the other tightly held the ribbon.

    During the operation,the ribbon fell off Katie's hand. As soon as she woke up and opened her eyes,she looked at her friend and said in a low voice,“My ribbon.”The doctor gave it to her and she smiled happily.

    It was only a little gift,but it made the girl's stay in the hospital bright with beauty and love.

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    宋代的农业、手工业、商业在唐代的基础上又有了新的发展,特别是商品经济出现了空前的繁荣。在此背景下,宋代的货币流通和信用进入迅速发展时期,开创了古代金融的新篇章。

    宋代在信用形式和信用工具方面都呈现出新的特点。信用形式有借贷、质、押、典、赊买赊卖等多种形式。借贷分为政府借贷和私人借贷。政府贷借主要表现为赈贷的形式,在紧急情况下通过贷给百姓粮食或种子的方式,帮助他们度过困境。私人借贷多为高利贷,它可以解决社会分化和“钱荒”带来的平民百姓资金严重不足的问题,满足特殊支付和燃眉之急的需要。质、押是借贷的担保形式,由质库、解库等机构经营。质属于动产担保,它必须转移动产的占有;押属于不动产担保,通常将抵押物的契约交付债权人即可。债务人违约时,债权人可用变卖价款优先受偿。典作为不动产转移的一种形式是在宋代形成和发展起来的。其特点是典权人向出典人支付典价后,在典期内就占有了出典人典产的使用权和收益支配权,出典人也不必向典权人支付利息。宋代的商业贸易非常发达,但存在着通货紧缩现象,故赊买赊卖行为也很普遍,几乎生产、流通、消费领域的所有物品都能进行赊买赊卖。从实际效果看,它解决了军需、加强了流通,更重要的一点,它向束缚生产流通扩大和发展的高利贷构成了冲击。

    随着社会经济的发展,宋代商业贸易对货币的要求越来越高,但是社会中货币供给和流通状况不尽理想,表现为货币流通区域的割据性、货币供给数量的有限性,以及大量流通的铜铁钱细碎和不便携带的特性,其结果是抑制了经济发展。为了解决这类问题,在高度发达的造纸和印刷技术保障下,通过民间自发力量的作用或官府的强制推行,宋代社会陆续出现了诸如茶引、盐引、交子、关子和会子等新型纸质信用工具。茶引、盐引要求相关人员先用粮草或现钱的付出作为取得的条件,然后凭此类纸质信用工具异地兑取现钱或政府专卖货物。这些信用工具的使用,除了可发挥信用功能外,也使得政府和商人在买卖货物领域能够共同获利,既有利于商人从政府专卖的物品中分得一份利益,又有利于政府实现增加收入、补给军需等目标。早期的交子、关子、会子要求相关人员先交纳现钱作为取得的条件,然后再根据需要持交子、关子、会子到指定的地区兑取现钱。这类信用工具携带方便且具有汇票性质,可以保障大宗交易、跨地区交易货款的顺利结算。它们的使用,弥补了货币的不足,节省了货币流通需求量。此后这种交子、关子、会子逐步发展为纸币。可见,宋代新型信用工具的大量使用,是社会经济发展史中最具标志性意义的新生事物,它缓解或解决了交换过程中的诸多不便与矛盾,从而在很大程度上促进了经济发展。

(摘编自王芳《宋代信用的特点与影响》)