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清代前期,正一品文官年薪俸银180两,正七品知县45两,正九品官员33两,这些银两除养家糊口外,还要支付随从、幕僚的酬金及办公费用,普遍入不敷出。各级官员在征收田赋等税收时,以各种名义额外加征。这些税外之税,小部分作为各级衙门的办公经费,大部分被各级官员据为己有。“大州上县,每正赋一两”,额外加征“银一钱五分、二钱不等”;部分州县“数倍于正赋”,以致引发民变。雍正帝认为,与其暗取而多征,不若明定其数;与其营私而中饱,不若责其办公。他决定改革,明确规定加征的税额,统一管理,用于发放以“养廉”为名的津贴。养廉银的数目,视职位的高低及岗位的重要程度而定。总督每年约二万两,州县官每年也有二千两左右,用作办公经费与官员薪水补贴。官员的合法收入大幅度提高。

——摘编自黄惠贤等《中国俸禄制度史》

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    He was a poet known for the nostalgia he describes in his poems. Now, it's time: for us to express our nostalgia for this great writer.

    On Dec 14, 2017, the famous Chinese poet Yu Guangzhong passed away in Taiwan. Born in 1928 in Nanjing, Jiangsu, Yu studied in Sichuan when he was young. At that time, he had showed great interest in Chinese poems and spent a lot of his free time trying writing poems himself. Then he managed to publish his first poem at the age of 20. A year later, Yu and his family moved to Taiwan. He lived and worked there until his death.

    Nostalgia is Yu's masterpiece in which he expresses his homesickness for the Chinese mainland when he was in Taiwan.

    Published in 1971, the poem remains highly popular among Chinese speakers worldwide. Even those who know little about literature are familiar with lines from the poem. The poem is included in Chinese high school textbooks.

    Besides his achievements in poetry, Yu was also a successful essay writer, critic and translator. He once translated English poet Siegfried Sassoon's poem In Me, Past, Present, Future Meet into Chinese. It is regarded as an accurate and powerful translation, in which the most famous line is “心有猛虎, 细嗅蔷薇” for “In me the tiger sniffs the rose”.

    Yu spent his whole life writing. “The reason why I stick to writing till today comes down to my passion for the Chinese language,” he once said in a 2015 interview. He then added that this passion was strengthened by his love for his mother and His motherland.

    Now, let's appreciate the poem Nostalgia.

When I was young,                    But later on,

Nostalgia was a tiny, tiny stamp.         Nostalgia was a low, low grave.

Me on this side,                      Me on this outside,

Mother on the other side.               And my mother was inside.

When I grew up,                     And at present,

Nostalgia was a narrow boat ticket.       Nostalgia becomes a shallow strait.

Me on this side,                       Me on this side,

Bride on the other side.                 Mainland on the other side.