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阅读材料,回答问题

材料:元朝在西南少数民族地区实行土司制度,“以土官治土民”。明政府开始废除世袭土官,代之以由中央任命的、有一定任期的“流官”,即所谓的“改土归流”。清朝雍正时期,全国统一基本实现,封建经济继续发展,盛世局面正在形成。同时,内地人民逐渐南迁,西南地区和内地经济上互通有无,民族融合日益加强。但各土司辖地如同一个个封闭王国,土司对土民进行敲骨吸髓的剥削和压迫,有的甚至拥兵反叛。因此,有识之士改流的呼声日益强烈。雍正帝委任云贵总督鄂尔泰主持改流工作。鄂尔泰采取“剿抚并用”、以剿为主的方针,在大规模用兵告一段落后,进行了大量的善后工作:妥善安置被革土司,慎重选任新设流官;解放奴仆,推行保甲制度;禁革各种旧制陋规;发展生产,兴修水利,开路办学等。

——摘编自李世愉《清代土司制度论考》

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